重点知识归纳及讲解
1．To be, or not to be -that is the question.
生还是死--这是个问题。
这句话是莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》中的一个名句。意为“To live or not to live-that is the question.对于这种名句名言类的，在平时写作中可以采用仿似的修辞手法，给人印象深刻。根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语，临时更换其中的某个部分，造成新的成语或谚语；或者根据古今名言警句，在保持其原句不变的情况下，更换其中部分词语，这种修辞方式叫仿似。
eg. To lie or not to lie-the doctor’s dilemma.
撒谎还是不撒谎--医生的难题。
To do it or not to do it is not the only question.
做还是不做这事不是唯一的问题。
2．Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
戴王冠的头是不能安于他的枕席的。
①本句表语uneasy放到句首，引起完全倒装，这主要是因为主语过长，为了句子平衡，我们常常把形容词放于句首。
eg. Gone are the days when we used “foreign oil”.
我们用“洋油”的时代过去了。
Present at the meeting were the scientists, who came from different countries.
出席会议的是科学家，他们来自不同国家。
②（lie在此用作系动词，表示“处于某种状态”，它的过去式和过去分词分别为lay, lain.）
eg. The machine lay idle all week.这机器整整一周没有开动。
The dust has lain undisturbed for years. 尘土积在那儿很多年了。
③wear表示“穿着”指状态，可以用进行时；宾语除衣服鞋帽外，还可以是首饰，服饰，发型等。
eg. He’s wearing a new coat. 他穿着一件新大衣。
Does your brother wear glasses?你的弟弟戴眼镜吗？
He wears his hair very short.他留着短发。
She wears a string of pearls around her neck.
她的脖子上戴着一串珍珠项链。
wear还可作“（面容等）显露，呈现；磨损，磨破”讲
eg. She wore an angry expression.她面带笑容。
I have worn my socks into holes.我的袜子已磨出洞来了。
3. “Romeo, Romeo, why are you Romeo? Deny your father, and refuse your name”
罗密欧，罗密欧，为什么你叫罗密欧？与你的父亲断绝关系，不要你这个名字了吧
deny(denied, denied, denying)作为及物动词，表示“否认，不承认；不给，不准；（正式）抛弃，背弃”讲。它后面可接名词，动名词和宾语从句。
eg. Can you deny the truth of his statement?
你能否认他的声明的真实性吗？
He denied telling me/that he had told me.
他否认告诉过我。
I was denied the chance of going to college.
不给我上大学的机会。
He has denied his country and his principles!
他背弃了他的国家和他的原则！
4．What must Antonio give Shylock if he can’t pay back the debt?
如果安东尼奥不能偿还夏洛克的借款，他必须给夏洛克什么？
Pay back意为“还钱给某人”，主要句型有pay sb. back(sth) 和pay sth back.例如：
I’ll pay him back with all my heart. 我将用我的生命向他偿还。
Have you paid me back the money you owe me yet?
你向我借的钱还我了吗？
Pay back还表示“惩罚，报复”。例如：
I’ll pay him back for the trick he played on me.
他对我使坏，我得治治他。
与pay搭配的常见短语有：
pay for sth.为某事吃苦头或受惩罚
pay off带来好结果
pay sb off付清工资予以解雇；贿赂某人
pay sth. off全部偿还
pay sth. out（按时）为某事付巨款
pay up付清全部欠款
eg. The home team paid dearly for their defensive errors.
主队因防守错误而大吃苦头。
The gamble paid off.赌赢了。
pay off the crew of a ship 付清全部船员工资并予以解雇
pay off one’s debts, a loan, a mortgage还清债务、贷款、抵押款
I had to pay out ￡200 to get my car repaired!
我得花200英镑修理汽车！
We’re paying out ￡300 a month on our mortgage.
我们每月要付300英镑抵押贷款。
I’ll take you to court unless you pay up immediately.
除非马上还请欠款，否则我和你打官司。
5．What makes a play a masterpiece is that the ideas behind the play are about problems which are still important to people of different ages in modern times.
一部戏剧要成为不朽之作。剧中所反映的问题就应该对现代不同年龄层次的人仍然有重要的意义。
①句中what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句，which引导定语从句。
②people of different ages 表示所属关系“属于的”；
a girl of ten十岁的女孩儿
a child of strange appearance 外貌奇特的孩子
an item of value一件值钱的物品
③in modern times指“当代”。time 表示“时期，时代”常用复数。
in ancient times 在古代；in the time of Queen Victoria 在维多利亚女王时代
6．But when the roles are turned around, it is Shylock who must beg the Duke to save his life.
但是当角色被转变的时候，夏洛克一定请求公爵饶他一命。
①turn around在这里指“（方针、立场等）转变”。
②“it is shylock who”为强调句式，本句强调的是主语部分。注意强调句的特点是去掉It is/was和that，剩余部分经过整理后整个句子仍然成立。
③beg sb. to do sth.意为“恳求或祈求某人做某事物”。例如：
I beg you not to take any risks.我恳求你不要冒险。
7．What would you do if you had your worst enemy in your power?
①如果你最坏的敌人处于你的掌握之中，你将会怎么做？
②in one’s power意为“在某人的掌握之中，任由某人摆布”
The enemy is in our power.
敌人在我们的控制之中。
8.We can find several such ideas in Shakespeare’s play.
我们可以在莎士比亚的戏剧中找到一些这种观点。
在ideas这个中心名词前有两个限定词修饰。限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、泛指、类指以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。限定词包括：①冠词 ②形容词性物主代词 ③名词所有格 ④形容词性指示代词 ⑤所有格关系代词 ⑥所有格疑问代词 ⑦形容词性不定代词 ⑧基数词和序数词 ⑨倍数词和分数词 ⑩量词。限定词可分为：①前位限定词②中位限定词 ③后位限定词。个别限定词有跨类现象，如本句such既属予前位限定词，又可归入后位限定词。当与冠词a, an连用时属于前位限定词，例如：such a suit; 当与some, any, all, few, another, other, many, several, one, two等词搭配时属于后位限定词，即such要放在这些词之后，例如：many such books, no such car。
9．Have mercy on Antonio, Shylock.
夏洛克，对安东尼奥会仁慈一点吧。
句中mercy为不可数名词，意为“仁慈，宽恕”。常见的短语有：
①have mercy on/upon sb./sth.=show mercy to sb/sth表示“对表示同情；对有怜悯之心”
②at the mercy of sb./sth任由某人或某事摆布
③throw oneself on sb’s mercy恳求某人宽恕/善待
eg. She has mercy on little animals. 她怜悯小动物。
They showed little mercy to their enemies.他们对敌人毫不仁慈。
His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke.
他的生命将由公爵处置。
The ship was at the mercy of the storm.
那只船在暴风雨中失去控制。
He threw himself on my mercy.他求我宽恕他。
10．I’ve promised to take my pound of flesh.
我已经许诺割下我的一磅肉。
①promise作为及物动词，常接的结构有promise to do sth; promise sb. to do sth; promise后接双宾语和promise接从句。
eg. I never promised to obey her commands.
我从未答应过要服从她的命令。
His pareats promised him to buy a new bike.
他父母答应给他买辆新车。
She promised me a gift for my birthday.
她答应送我一件生日礼物。
He promised that he would come.
他答应来。
②flesh与meat的辨析
flesh通常指人或动物身上的肉，也可指供食用的兽类的肉（区别于鱼或禽的肉）。meat 指供食用的肉类的总称，通常不包括鱼和家禽的肉。
eg. You’re losing flesh.你瘦了。
Lions are flesh-eating animals. 狮子是肉食动物。
I like meat while my sister likes fish.
我喜欢吃肉而我妹妹喜欢吃鱼。
注意：meat 是供食用的肉类的总称，猪肉、牛肉、羊肉等各有其专门名称，即pork, beef, mutton
11. It’s useless trying to argue with Shylock.
尽力与夏洛克争论是没有用的。
It’s useless doing= It’s no use doing表示“做没有用处”
由it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词。例如：
It is no use learning without thinking.学而不思则罔。
It’s no good crying over spilt mick.覆水难收。
12．You might as well go stand upon the beach and argue with the sea.
你还不如站在海滩上跟大海讲理去。
①might as well表示给人提出建议时的常见的短语，意为“不妨好，还是好。”
I might as well tell you the truth.
我还是告诉你事实真相的好。
②go stand upon sth.表示“去站在上面”。例如：
Would you please go stand upon that board?
你愿意去站在那块板上吗？
He dare not go stand upon that high tower.
他不敢去站在那座高塔上。
13. Pass judgement on me and give Shylock what he wants.
对我宣判吧，把夏洛克想要得到的东西给他吧。
pass judgment on sb.表示“对某人宣判”。
eg. When will the judge pass judgement on that woman?
法官什么时候对那个女子审判？
The court will not pass judgement on him until next Sunday.
直到下周日法庭才会对他宣判。
14. If you offered me six times what you have just offered, I would still take my pound of flesh.
即使你愿意给我六倍个刚才你提出的那个钱数，我还是要拿回我应得的那一磅肉。
①本句为虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反。
②offer即可作动词又可以作名词，表示主动提出，提供（一种东西或一项建议）；还表示出价，与介词for连用
eg. The young man offered the old man his own seat.(offer sb. sth.)
那位年轻人主动将自己的座位让给了老大爷。
I offered him fifty thousand dollars for the house.(offer sb. money for sth.)
我向他出价5万美金买这栋房子。
He offered to lend me some books.(offer to do)
他主动提出借一些书给我。
③times(n.)在此处用来表示倍数。用times表示“甲是乙的几倍大（高、长、宽等）”。
（1）“甲比乙大（高、长、宽等）几倍”，可以用下列句型：
A is three times the size(height, length, width, etc) of the old one.
The new building is four times the size(the height) of the old one.
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（四位高）。（这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍[高三倍]了）
This street is four times the length(the width) of that one.
这条街是那条街的四倍长（四倍宽）。
The size(The height) of the new building is four times that of the old one.
这座新楼的大小（高度）是那座旧楼的四倍。（由于句首已用了the size, the height, 所以在four times后面用代词that来代替，以避免重复。）
（2）A is three times as big(high, long, wide, etc) as B
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。（亚洲比欧洲大三倍。）
This box is three times as heavy as that one.
这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。
（3）A is three times bigger (higher, longer, wider)than B
The meeting-room is three times bigger than our office.
会议室比我们的办公室大三倍。
注意：用times表示倍数，一般只限于表示包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数。表示两倍可以用twice(adv.)或double(adj.)。例如：
The room is twice the size of that one.= This room is twice as big as that one.
这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。
Our total income of 2004 was double of 2000.
我们2004年的总收是2000年的两倍。
15．How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?
如果你一点儿都不对别人表现仁慈，又怎么能希望自己得到仁慈？
①when 在此处引导一个条件状语从句
②hope不能直接跟宾语，它需要一个介词for。
eg. Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.
抱最好的希望，作最坏的准备。
We are hoping for better weather soon.
我们期待天气会很快好转。
16．I desire my pound of flesh.
desire 是及物动词，意为“渴望，要求，期望”。后面可接名词（代词）、动词不定式及从句作宾语。
eg. All of us desire better life and more education.
我们所有人都渴望更好的生活和更多的教育。
We always desire to live in peace with our neighbour.
我们总是渴望与邻国和平相处。
Mr Wang desires that you should go to the teacher’s office at once.
王老师希望你立刻到教师办公室去。
desire还可作名词，意为“渴望，要求”
eg. At the desire of the teacher, we should finish our homework on time.按照老师的要求，我们应该准时完成作业。
17. I do not envy you your job. This is a most troublesome case.
我不羡慕你的工作，这是一件是棘手的案件。
①envy sb. sth表示“羡慕某人，嫉妒某人”。
I envy you very much.我真羡慕你。
She envies me my good health.她羡慕我身体好。
②a most+adj.= a very + adj.表示“一个很的”。
the most+形容词最高级表示“最之意”，这时句末一定要有表达范围的介词of或in.
eg. Dalian is a most beautiful coastal city.
大连是一座很美的海滨城市。
This is a most enjoyable party.这是一次令人极为愉快的晚会。
She worked out the most difficult problem of the three.
她解出了这三道题中最难的一道。
Mary is the most beautiful girl in our class.
玛丽是我们班里最美的女孩。
18．What are you accused of ?你因什么而受到起诉？
accuse sb. of sth. 意为“因控告人，告发，指责人”
eg. The police accused him of theft.警方控告他偷窃。
He was accused of murder. 他被控谋杀。
She accused him of being late.她指责他迟到。
19．Let me tear up this paper.让我们这张借条撕了吧。
句中的tear up的意思是“撕毁”
eg. She tore up all the letters he had seut her.
她把他写来的信都撕了。
tear up可以引申为“不履行”。
eg. He accused his secretary of tearing up the agreement.
他控告他的助理不履行协议。
tear down意为“弄倒，拆除”。
eg. They are tearing down those old house to build a new office block.
他们拆除那些旧房子以便盖一座新办公楼。
20．Antonio, get ready and offer up your breast.
安东尼奥，准备好露出你的胸膛。
offer up 在本句中意为“奉献”，主要用于表示向上帝或神祭献某人或某物。例如：
She offered up a prayer to God for her husband’s safe return.
她向上帝祈讨保佑她丈夫平安回来。
21．I declare the court allows it and the law gives it to you.
我宣布法庭允许你，法律判给你这一磅肉。
declare表示“正式宣布（某事）；表明，郑重地说（某事）”。
eg. America declared war on Iraq last year.
去年美国向伊拉克宣战。
They declared him(to be) the winner.
他们宣布他为得胜者。
He declared that he had nothing to do with the matter.
他宣称自己与此事无关。
She was declared(to be) guilty. 已宣判她有罪。
22．He agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition.
他同意借钱给安东尼奥，但有个条件。
condition在此处意为“条件”，需要识记的短语为：
on this/that condition在这种或那种情况下
on what condition 在什么情况下
on no condition无论什么情况都不
in condition健康良好
out of condition身体不佳
on condition that是从属连词，引导条件状语从句，意为“只有在条件下”（=only if），“条件是”。
eg. You may borrow this book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.你可以借这本书，条件是不能再借给别人。
Ability and effort are conditions of success.
才能和努力是成功的条件。
On this condition you may go home earlier.
在这种情况下，你可以早一点回家。
On what condition will you agree with me?
什么条件下，你才能同意我？
He can’t climb the mountain because he is out of condition.
他不能爬山，因为他身体欠佳。
23．He is young, but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.他很年轻，但是我过
去从来不知道有这么年轻又如此聪明的人。
在一个名词词组中，不定冠词a/an通常用在形容词的前面。如a serious mistake。但是，如果形容词前面有so, too, how时，a/an 就该放在形容词后面，其结构是“so/too/how+adj+a/an+n.”。能够构成这种结构的名词必须是单数可数名词。
eg. Did you notice that you have made so serious a mistake?
你是否注意到你出了一个很严重的错？
It’s too difficult a book for beginners.
这本书对初学者是太难了。
How wonder ful a plan it would be! 那该是一个多么好的计划啊。
试比较：He is so good a teacher that we all like him.= He is such a good student that we all like him.
练一练：用so, such填空
1.__________ big a city 2._____________ a pretty girl
3.__________ good students 4._____________fine weather
5.__________many books 6._____________much water
7.__________ little food 8._____________ few oranges
答案：
1. so 2. such 3. such 4. such 5. so 6. so 7.so 8. so
24.You want justice, so you get justice, more than you wanted.
他要求公正，那么就让你得到公证，比你要求的还要多。
shall 在此处用于第二人称，表示说话人的允诺，意思是“可以”。
在本剧的最后还有：everything that he owns shall be taken away from him. One half of his money and his goods shall be givenand the other half shall be given两句中的shall用于第三人称，表示法令、规章等中的规定，意思是“必须”。shall 用于第二、三人称，还表示决心、命令、警告、要求、义务等。
eg. He shall answer for his misdeeds.他应当为他的错误行为负责。
You shall have a nice present for your birthday.
你过生日时将会得到一份精美的礼物。
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.
什么也不能阻止我们实现这项计划。
shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句，表示说话人征求对方意见。
eg. Shall we go now?我们现在走可以吗？
She he come in?可以让他进来吗？
25．Therefore, go down on your knees and beg the Duke for mercy.
因此，跪下来请求公爵的宽恕吧。
①go down on one’s knees 的意思是“跪下”、“屈膝”。
They will never go down on their knees before the oppressors.
他们绝不向压迫者屈膝。
②beg for意为“乞求，请求”
He went down on his knees and begged for forgiveness.
他跪下来请求饶恕。
26．My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself.
我的钱和财产对我就像生命一样宝贵。
dear 在此处的意思是“珍贵的”
He lost everything that was dear to him.
他表达了他所珍贵的一切。
goods在此处的意思的“动产”。
27．Shylock must promise to leave the money upon his death to his daughter and her husband.
夏洛克必须答应在他死后把这笔钱给他的女儿和女婿。
①句中的upon 等于on,表示“就在某时或某场合之后。”例如：
Upon my arrival home I found there was something strange.
我一到家就发现不对劲。
On asking for information I was told I must wait.
我一打听，说我得等着。
②leave sth. to sb.表示“将某事物遗赠给某人；死后留下某物给某人”
leave all one’s money to charity把所有的钱遗赠给慈善事业。