表示开始于过去某个时间,并且一直延续到现在的动作或状态”是现在完成时的用法之一。此用法中的时间状语常为“since+‘点’时间”或“for+‘段’时间”。现在完成时态的句子中有表示一段时间的状语时,谓语动词常为延续性动词。如:
I've lived here since I was a child.
我从小就在这儿居住。
We've studied English for nearly three years.
我们已经学了近三年的英语了。
而对于终止性动词的使用则一定要根据不同情况谨慎使用。
一、终止性动词在构成现在完成时态时,只表示动作发生的因果关系,不表示动作的延续,在肯定句或疑问句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,在否定句中可以。如:
The boy has not borrowed a book for a long time.
这孩子好长时间没有借书了。
I haven't received a letter from him for two weeks.
我已经有两个星期没有收到他的信了。
Tom hasn't left here since the year before last.
自前年起,汤姆就没有离开过这里。
二、句子中使用终止性动词表示过去的意思时,必须与过去时间状语连用;若使用终止性动词表示动作始于过去,并延续到现在时,必须做一定的变化。
1.用过去时态表达。
He went abroad three years ago.
他三年前出的国。
2. 用“It's + 一段时间+since+从句”结构表示。
It is three years since he went abroad.
他出国已经三年了。
3. 用“一段时间+has passed + since+从句”结构表示。
Three years has passed since he went abroad.
自从他出国以后,已经过去三年了。
4. 用延续性动词或动词短语代替终止性动词。
He has been abroad for three years.
他出国有三年了。
三、常见的终止性动词改为延续性动词(短语)的情况有:
come here→be here; come back→be back;
go there→be there; die→be dead;
get to know→know; finish→be over;
buy→have; join→be in + 组织(或者be +n.);
become→be; fall asleep→be asleep;
borrow→keep; begin→be on;
move (to)→live(in); marry→be married
如:他参军已三年了。
误:He's joined the army for three years.
正:He's been in the army for three years.
正:He's been a soldier for three years.
你买那本词典多久了?
误:How long have you bought the dictionary?
正:How long have you had the dictionary?
