第1讲 名词与主谓一致（要点透析）
名词
一、名词的数
在熟悉名词单数变复数规则的基础上，突出以下几点：
1. 注意以下名词数的概念
①以s结尾，仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如：
physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States
②总称名词：表示一类事物的总称，不能加s，如：
machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence
③单数和复数形式表达不同的意思，如：
fish 鱼肉-fishes 各种鱼
paper 纸-papers 试卷
water 水-waters 水域
room 空间-rooms 房间
time 时间-times 时代
arm 手臂-arms 武器
④形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义，如：
people, police, cattle, staff, public, the ＋adj., the ＋ 分词
2. 集体名词的数
family，team，audience，class，club，committee，crowd, group, enemy, cattle, government, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff等
集体名词注意其主谓一致，一般来说，视为整体时作单数看待，侧重其成员时则作复数看待。
The enemy has suffered heavy losses.
The enemy are in flight.
3. 单复数同形的名词
a．某些动物名称
fish, deer, sheep
b．某国人的名词
Chinese, Japanese, Swiss
c．其他
means, species, works, offspring
4. 由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”：
①合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数：
lookers－on 参观者 sons－in－law 女婿
editors－in－chief 主编 shoe－makers 鞋匠
firemen 消防员 chairwomen 女主席
②如果没有主体名词，在最后一个词的词尾加s:
go－betweens 中间人 grown－ups 成人
follow－ups 续集 good－for－nothings 饭桶
③man, woman作定语时，定语和被修饰词都变成复数：
man－servant-men－servants
5．不规则名词的“数”：
woman - women child - children
ox - oxen tooth - teeth
goose - geese foot - feet
mouse - mice phenomenon - phenomena
analysis - analyses
6. 专有名词的“数”
史密斯一家人 the Smiths
两个玛丽 two Marys
【疑难点击】
1. 有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一种，一杯/罐/瓶”等数量意义时，可用作可数名词。
It was a special tea.
She bought us three coffees.
2. 抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，前面一般不加不定冠词，但表示具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词。
There‘s a beauty in simplicity.
After a brief peace, war broke out again.
二、名词所有格
英语中许多名词可以加's来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，意为“……的”。如：a teacher's book, a twenty minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth, the moon's rays。
名词所有格的规则如下：
①名词词尾加's，如the boy's bag, men's room。
②若名词已有复数词尾－s, 只加 '，如：the workers' struggle。
③of 属格：无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
【疑难点击】
1. 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示“分别有”；只有一个's，则表示“共有”。
John's and Mary's rooms(两间)
John and Mary's room(一间)
2. 省略格：在表示店铺、教堂、诊所或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。
在诊所at the doctor's
在我姐家at my sister's
【疑难点击】
3. 双重格：of ＋名词's。
I saw a play of Shaw's.
注意：当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同：
This is a picture of my friend's.
这是我朋友收藏的一幅画。
This is a picture of my friend.
这是我朋友的一张照片。
三、名词作定语
某些名词可以用作定语修饰后面的名词。
①表示类别、处所、材料、时间、功能、用途等名词作定语时通常要用单数形式。
paper flower 纸花 cotton goods 棉织品
orange juice 橘汁 credit card 信用卡
②少数名词可以用复数形式作定语。
sports meeting 运动会
clothes shop 服装店
customs officer 海关人员
sales manager 销售经理
主谓一致
一、意义(语法)一致原则
只要确定句子的主语是单数意义，则谓语用单数，句子的主语意义复数，则谓语用复数。具体表现如下：
1. 不可数名词作主语，一律视为单数。某些以s结尾的单数名词作主语，仍视为单数。
No news is good news.
His task was to collect information.
How much machinery has been installed?
2. 表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
When and where to go for the on－salary holiday has not been decided yet.
3. “ one, either, neither, each of ＋复数名词或代词”作主语时， 谓语用单数。
Either of the stories is very funny.
4. something, everything, anything, nothing，somebody, nobody, no one 等不定代词作主语，谓语通常是单数。
Nothing is impossible.
5. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
Ten pounds was missing from the box.
6. a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of 等量词修饰名词，通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数。
This pair of glasses is very expensive.
Two series of new stamps have been ordered.
7. a number of ＋复数名词，“许多……”，复数意义；the number of ＋复数名词，“……的数目”，单数意义。the population of…“……的人口数量”作主语时，谓语用单数，但如果是分数、百分数、half of, the rest of the population 作主语时，具体指其中的多少人，复数意义，谓语则用复数。the average of…“……的平均数量”，作主语时，谓语用单数。
The number of the students in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard.
The population of China is large and most of the population are farmers.
8. 主语后with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as 等短语时，谓语动词的数要和这些短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。(因为with等词为介词，其后跟的名词只能是介宾，不可能充当主语。)
Mr. Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday.
9. “the ＋adj.”结构指一类人时，谓语动词用复数；如果指个别人或表示抽象的概念，谓语动词用单数。
The disabled are well taken care of in this country.
The dead in this accident was 20, a girl from Nanjing University.
The new is certain to replace the old.
10. 分数、百分数、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定。
The rest of the workers are still very tired.
11. 当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数， 那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.
英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：
iron and steel 钢铁
law and order 治安
bread and butter黄油面包
a watch and chain 一块带链的表
a knife and fork 一副刀叉
a coat and tie 一件配有领带的上衣
aim and end 目的
truth and honesty 真诚
12. what 引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要取决于作表语的名词的单复数。
What surprised me most was his attitude towards his study.
13. such 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定。
Such is Stephen Hawking, who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.
14. quantities of ＋名词作主语时，不论名词是复数还是不可数，谓语一律用复数。
a quantity of ＋名词复数作主语时，谓语用复数。
a quantity of ＋不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
amounts of ＋不可数名词作主语时，谓语用复数。
an amount of ＋不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
Every day quantities of water are wasted.
A large amount of damage has been done because of the floods.
二、形式一致原则
1．every /each/no ＋名词＋and every/ each/ no ＋名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
Every boy and every girl is having sports now.
2．“one ＋单数名词＋and a half”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
One apple and a half was on the table.
3．“more than one ＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
More than one student has failed the exam.
4．“many a ＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Many a child was playing there.
【注意】以上四种情况，如果从意义上来讲，主语有复数意义，但由于名词都是以单数形式出现的，故谓语用单数形式，谓语形式上与主语的单数形式一致。
三、就近一致原则
1. 谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, not…but…； either…or…， neither…nor…， not only…but also …等。
Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.
2. 在倒?