1. What sort of questions do you think the reporter will ask?
★do you think/ believe/ imagine/ guess/ suppose等常被放在特殊疑问句中作插入语，并放在特殊疑问词之后，构成句型：疑问词+do you think/ believe/ imagine/ guess/ suppose +特殊疑问句的其余部分？
★“特殊疑问句的其余部分”要用陈述语序，疑问词要充当特殊疑问句的一个句子成分。
eg. What do you think has happened to him?（What在特殊疑问句中作主语）
Who do you guess she is?（Who在特殊疑问句中作表语）
When do you suppose he will come back?（When在特殊疑问句中作时间状语）
★I think, I believe, I guess, I find, I imagine, I know, I say, I mean, I see, I’m sure等也可以作插入语，放在一个陈述句的句中或句末，常用逗号与句子其它部分隔开。
eg. They, I’m sure, have been working at least 5 hours.
They will be back in half an hour, I guess.
2. What modern means can explorers make use of today?
★make use of= use:利用；使用。use之前可以加good, the best, full, little等词修饰。
You should make the best use of the chance you get.
We must make good use of our spare time.
★注意make use of 在使用时的结构变形。
Every minute should be made good use of to study.（由于make good use of用了被动语态，后面不再需要宾语，因此后面接了不定式作目的状语）
They didn’t realize the use we made of the information.（注意make use of中的use在前面作了定语从句的先行词，因此，从句中就只剩下了make of）
3. In which way will a human trip to Mars be similar to the trips of explorers in the past.
★be similar to：与……相似 The gold is similar to brass in color.
★(be) the same as：与……相同 Your idea is the same as mine. / I have the same idea as you ( have).
★be different from：与……不同 My answer is different from the teacher’s.
4. In their work, scientists meet with situations about which they have to make decisions.
★meet (with) sb遇见或会见某人：英国英语中把meet当及物动词用，而美国英语中把meet当不及物动词用。不过，meet with sb更强调“偶然遇到”，因此，到机场、车站等地“去接某人”只能用meet sb。中学英语中表示“偶然遇见”之意的短语有：meet by chance/ come across/ run into/ run across, etc.
meet with sth.：遭到；遇到；经历（不愉快的事）
eg. Will you meet me at the station?
I met (with) her at the supermarket.
You will meet with all kinds of difficulty in your life.
While reading, you are sure to meet with some new words.
★make decisions about：对……做出决定
You must make a decision about whether to go or not.
5. Evaluate them from various points of view and try to make the best decision.
★various -adj.of several kinds; several; unlike one another; a number of各种各样的；不同种类的；若干
Their hobbies are many and various.他们的业余爱好五花八门。
People came here for various reasons.人们来这里的原因各不相同。
★vary - v. 相异；存在不同；变化；改变 常见搭配有：
vary in sth.：在某方面呈现不同 vary with (=vary from sth. to sth).：随着……的变化而变化
The two coats vary in size.这两件外套尺寸不同。
The weather here varies with the seasons. =The weather here varies from season to season.
★variety - n. 多样化；丰富多彩；种类；品种 a ( large/ wide) variety of = varieties of：各种不同的
Everyone arrived late at the meeting for a variety of reasons.
We are growing a new variety of wheat this year.
He wants to live a life full of change and variety.他想过一种丰富多彩的生活。
6. …he took possession of it in the name of the British Crown.
That lovely cottage by the seaside has been in the possession of their family for more than eighty years.
★take possession of：把……据为己有；占领；夺取
Don’t take possession of the wallet,though you picked it up in the street.
in possession of sth：拥有或占有某物 Mr. Black is in possession of the house now.
in the possession of sb.：被某人所占有或拥有 The house is in the possession of Mr. Black now.
possessions：私有财产；财物 When you travel, take good care of your possessions.
★in the name of：以……的名义；代表The police arrested him in the name of the law.
We welcomed our foreign guests in the name of the government.
He limited my freedom in the name of love.
by name：名叫；凭名字I only know him by name.我只知道他的名字。
I got to know a girl, Mary by name at the party.我在晚会上认识了一个名叫玛丽的女孩。
by the name of：名叫……的
I got to know a girl by the name of Mary at the party.(= named/ called/ whose name is)
under the name of：借助……的名字；在……的名字下（不是本名）
They published his works under the name of Lu Xun.他们用鲁迅这个笔名发表了他的著作。
The guest registered at the hotel under th name of Jackson.那位客人用杰克逊这个名字在旅馆登记的。
7. Chinese scientists believe that the moon stores great masses of fuel …
★masses of = a mass of：许多；大量。后面可以接不可数名词或可数名词复数。作主语时，谓语动词的数根据mass的数来定。
I got masses of cards on my birthday.
There are masses of dark clouds in the sky.
8. Mars may be rich in valuable and useful minerals which cannot be found on earth.
★be rich/ high in sth.盛产；丰富的；充满……的 be poor/ low in sth贫乏；缺少
He is poor in money but rich in knowledge.
China is rich in natural resources.
This food is low in fat.
★表示“在地球上”用on the earth，在口语和非正式场合也可用on earth。
on earth还可以表示“在世上；在人间”，也可以用在疑问词之后加强语气，相当于in the world，表示“到底；究竟”。
What on earth are you doing?
Who is the greatest scientist on earth?
9. …Where they are doing research on a state key project.
★do research on/ into sth.研究；探讨；调查
In the past few years, he has been doing research on/ into the causes of cancer.
★key：adj.- 重要的；关键性的 a key high school/ university重点中学或大学
a key point关键点 a key sentence关键句
n. 钥匙；答案；键；关键the key to (doing) sth.做某事的关键
the key to the door/ exercises/ success/ doing sth.
the keys of a piano/ computer/ typewriter
The key to achieving your goal is to stick to it.
10. …they will learn a great deal about the origins and the history of the native people.
★origin：n. 根源；起源；出身；血统 original：adj.原始的；新颖的
by origin：籍贯 Her mother is French by origin.
a man of noble origin：贵族出身的人 the original：原著
Have you found out the origin of your English being poor?你弄清楚了你的英语不好的根源了吗？
11. …science needs brave people who are willing to risk their lives,…
★be willing to do sth.愿意做某事
★risk one’s life：冒着生命危险 risk doing sth.冒险做某事
He risked his life to save the child. = He risked losing his life to save the child.
12. …we can send robots equipped with cameras and other tools to do observations for us.
★equip…with…：用……装备……We will equip our offices with computers.
equip…for…：为……配备或准备……Please equip yourself with a sharp pencil and a rubber for the exam.
be equipped with：配备有All the police are equipped with guns and bullets.
eqipment 设备，是个不可数名词。
★do observations for：为……去做观察
13. REACHING OUT ACROSS THE OCEAN
It was a major development that the Africans were reaching out to China.
★reach作动词的用法归纳：
1) reach someplace = arrive at/ in someplace; get to someplace 到达某地（非延续性动词）
reach (out) to someplace = reach as far as someplace 延伸到某地；伸展到某地
2) reach ( out) for sth. = reach one’s hand (out) for sth. 伸手去拿或抓某物
3) reach (to) sth.伸手够得着某物
4) reach sb sth = pass sb sth 把某物递给某人
★reach作名词的用法：
1) out of (one’s) reach：伸手够不着之处；手所不能及之处
2) beyond (one’s) reach：手或能力所不能及之处
3) within (one’s) reach：在某人伸手能够得着的地方；在能力所及的范围
eg. The road reached to our school.
The garden reached down to the lake.花园一直伸展到湖边。
The boy reached (out) for the ball, but it was too far away. He didn’t reach (to) it.
Please reach me that book.请把那本书递给我。
Put the medicine out of the children’s reach.
Such high-paid jobs are out of his reach.
Keep a dictionary within easy reach.
14. …the world map was a great puzzle.
★puzzle v.
1) puzzle sb. = make sb. think hard使某人困惑；使某人动脑筋
2) puzzle over sth. = think deeply about sth. in order to understand it为……伤脑筋；苦苦思索某事
3) puzzle sth out想出；苦思出
★puzzle n. 谜；难题 be a puzzle to sb.对某人说是个谜或难题 do a word puzzle猜字谜
★puzzled adj. （感到）困惑的 puzzling adj. 令人困惑的 be puzzled about对……感到困惑
Her decision puzzled me. ＝Her decision was a puzzle to me.
We feel puzzled at the puzzling question.
She listened with a puzzled expression on her face.
They are puzzled about what to do next.
The teacher asked the students to puzzle out the answer to the problem.
15. …inspired Christopher Columbus and other European exploeres to search for sea routes to the …
★search for sb./ sth./ someplace =look for：寻找某人、某物或某地
search sb./ someplace (for sth.)：（为了找某物）搜某人的身或搜查某地
(be) in search of sb./ sth: 为了寻找某人或某物
a/ the/ one’s search for: 寻找……
He searched all his pockets for his key, but failed.
The policeman searched the prisoner to see if he had a gun.
I looked everywhere in search of my glasses.
They all set out to search for ( in search of) the lost child.
The search for the lost child went on for one year.
16. However, long before that brave merchants were the real explorers of the Western Ocean.
★long before：1) adv. “很久以前”，在句中单独作状语，可用过去时或过去完成时。
2) prep. “……之前很久就”，后接名词或代词。
3) conj. 引导时间状语从句。
It was (not) long before…“过了很久才……”或“没过多久就……”
It will (not) long before…“要过很久才……”或“不久就要……”
Sb. hadn’t done sth. long before …“某人没做多久就……”
Sb. had done sth long before…“某人做了很久才……”
★before long：adv.在句中单独作状语，“不久以后；很快； 不久”。常和过去时或将来时连用。
★long ago：adv.在句中单独作状语，“很久以前”，常用一般过去时。
(1) _____ , there lived an old man who wore very long beard.
(2) He said that he had seen the film ________.
(3) I’ll see you again ________.
(4) It was not ________ we met again.
(5) He lost his mother _______ his graduation.
Keys: Long before/ ago; long before; before long; long before; long before
17. It’s well known that Africa had contacts with India and the Red Sea civilisations from the earliest times.
★It’s well known (to sb.) that- clause：“众所周知”，It为形式主语，that从句才是真正的主语。
As is well known (to sb), …：As引导非限制性定语从句，并代表主句的整个内容。
What’s well known (to sb) is that- clause：What引导主语从句，that引导表语从句。
It’s well known that the earth moves around the sun.
= As is well known, the earth moves around the sun.
= What’s well known is that the earth moves around the sun.
★have contact with = be in contact with =be in touch with与……有联系
make contact with =get in touch with与……取得联系
lose contact with = lose touch with与……失去联系
We made contact with the ship by radio.
Have you been in contact with John?
18. Silk from China found its way over land along the Silk Road to India, the Middle East and Rome, in exchange for spices and glass.
★find one’s way找到……的路 I hope you can find your way home.
She couldn’t find her way out of the building.
make one’s way（艰难地）前进或行走 feel one’s way摸索着前进 push one’s way挤着前进 lose one’s way迷路 fight one’s way奋勇前进 struggle one’s way挣扎着前进
wind one’s way蜿蜒前进 go one’s way我行我素
★over land从陆路；由陆路
★in exchange for交换；互换 exchange A for B用A换B exchange sth. with sb.与某人交换某物
He gave me an apple in exchange for a piece of cake.
He is giving her English lessons in exchange for her Chinese lessons.
Ali exchanged seats with Ben.
19. …the Swahili kingdoms and the islands off the African coast developed into the world’s trading centre…
★off the coast 在离……海岸有一段距离处 on the coast在海岸上 along the coast沿海岸
★develop into 发展成为……
20. The Arabic contacts to the African coast led to the next meeting between black people and a Chinese.
★lead to：1) 导致；致使(= result in) Hard work leads to success.
Hie careless led to this accident.
2)通向 All roads lead to Rome.条条道路通罗马。
3)lead sb. to someplace：把某人领到某处
4) lead sb. to do sth.：使得某人做某事 What led you to think so?
21. In the year 751, the Chinese traveller Du Huan was taken prisoner by the Arabic army.
★be taken prisoner被俘虏
22. He escaped, and after a long journey wandering through Arabic countries,…
★wander：徘徊；闲逛；流浪；漫游
wander (through) someplace：在……地方漫游闲逛流浪
wander from/ off sth.; wander away/ off：离开原处或正道；离群；失散
The boy was found wandering (through) the streets alone.
I’ve spent two years wandering the world.
We seem to have wandered from/ off the path.我们好像已经偏离了原路。
The child wandered off and got lost.那个孩子自己走开而迷了路。
Little Tom’s mind often wanders in class.小汤姆上课经常思想开小差。
23. The earliest Asian cultural relic found in Africa also dates from this period.
★date from =date back to：追溯到；始建于
注意：这个短语没有被动语态，后面常接过去时间，但却常和一般现在时连用，只有在间接引语中才可能用过去时。
Our school dates from the early 1900s.
This custom dates back to the Tang Dynasty.→
He told us that This custom dated back to the Tang Dynasty.
24. …led to the awareness of each other’s existence, but still no accurate maps of the countries …
★awareness的形容词为aware，常见搭配为be aware of意识到、觉察到
Are you aware of your mistake?
★existence：存在；生活（方式）
come into existence产生 be in existence 存在的；现存的
lead/ have a(n) … existence/ life过着……的生活
This law came into existence in 1980.
This rule has been in existence for 5 years.
They led a hard existence.
★accurate adj. 精确的；准确的 be accurate in在……方面精确或准确 to be accurate准确地说
He is accurate in his judgement.他的判断很准确。
To be accurate, you are late by one minute.准确地说，你迟到了一分钟。
25. By the beginning of the fifteenth century the time was ripe for a grand meeting.
★be ripe for时机成熟；准备就绪
The time is ripe for their marriage.
26. …seven large treasure fleets sailed westwards …
★treasure：1) n. 财宝；财富；珍品 The museum has many art treasures.
2) n. 不可多得的人才 He is considered to be a real treasure in this field.
3) vt. 珍藏；珍惜；珍视 I’ll treasure our friendship for ever.
27. Under the command of Zheng He, the fleets set sail from the South China Sea …
★command：1) n. under the command of sb. 在某人的指挥下
The army is under the command of General Washington.
2) n. be in command of sth.指挥 Bill is in command of the fleet.
3) n. have a good command of sth. 精通 She has a good command of English.
4) v. command sb. to do sth. = order sb. to do sth.
5) v. command that 从句（从句中用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气）
He commanded his men to fire.
He commanded that everyone (should) make the best of the chance.
★set sail to/ for someplace起航前往某地 The ship set sail for/ to Africa.
set sail from someplace 从某地起航
28. …the contact with the black court so excited China’s curiosity about Africa that …
★此句型是so…that…句型的变体，但意思不变。通常情况下这一结构所用的句型是：主语＋谓语动词＋so+形容词或副词＋that从句。但此处的用法有所不同，句中的excited是谓语动词而非形容词。其句型是：主语＋so＋谓语动词＋that从句，其中so修饰的不是形容词或副词，而是直接修饰动词。在该句型中，谓语动词通常是能够表示人的情绪的动词。
He so regretted his fault that he couldn’t help crying.
29. In return, the Ming court sent gold, spices, silk, and various other presents.
★in return (for sth.)：作为（对……的）回报或报答
He didn’t expect anything in return for his kindness.
I brought him a drink in return for his help.
注意：in turn的意思是“依次；逐个地；反过来”。
The girls called out their names in turn.
We must protect nature and nature will do us good in return.
30. The exchange of goods had a sybolic meaning far more important than the value of the goods themselves.
★far在这里修饰比较级，相当于much。比较级常见的修饰语有：
1) 比……得多：far, by far, much, a lot, a great deal etc.
2) 比……更加：still, even
3) 比……一点儿：a little, a bit, rather
4) 此外，倍数、分数、百分数、数词等也可以放在比较级之前修饰比较级。
He runs far faster than his brother. = He runs faster by far than his brother.
We are working even harder than before.
My sister is two years younger than me.
She gets a little older than her classmate.
31. They were traded to merchants from the Arabic countries…
By trading with the fleet the African kings were showing their friendship to …
★trade sth. to sb.把某物卖给某人 I remember the vase was traded to a young lady.
trade with sb.与某人做生意；与某人做买卖My father has traded with Mr. Smith for twenty years.
trade in sth.做……方面的买卖；经营……What does the shop trade in?
trade sth. for sth.用一物交换另一物 I wouldn’t trade my job for anything.
32. …an even greater number of volunteers will contribute to making the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing a success.
★volunteer (1) n. 志愿者，后面接for sth.或to do sth.
The volunteers for farm work (=to do farm work) get up early every morning.
(2) v. volunteer to do sth.或volunteer for sth.自愿做某事
He volunteered to join the army/ for the hard work.
★contribute to doing sth.有助于做某事；对做某事有利。以to结尾，to为介词，后面接动名词的短语常见的有：look forward to doing sth. 渴望或盼望做某事 be/ get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事
turn to doing sth.转而做某事 get down to doing sth.着手认真做某事
prefer doing to doing sth.宁愿做……而不愿意做…… pay attention to doing sth.注意做某事
devote oneself/ sth. to doing sth.献身于或致力于做某事 object to doing sth.反对做某事
the key to doing sth.做某事的关键 on the way to doing sth.即将做某事
33. The modern equipment of the studio cost the band a large sum of money.
★sum 1) n. 金额；款项 a large sum of money一大笔钱
2) n. 总和；总数 in sum简言之；总之
The sum of 5 and 3 is 8. In sum, the plan failed.
3) v. sum sth. up总结；概括某事物 Now please sum up your views in a few words.
34. Born in 1371 in Yunnan province and brought up in a family originally from Central Asia,…
★bring up：培养；提出；呕吐 He was brought up by his aunt.
He brought up all that he had eaten.
The question he brought up was worth considering.
★bring常见短语：bring in 引进；收获；赚得 bring about 引起；导致；造成
bring down降下；降价 bring sth. back回想起；恢复
35. In return, Zheng He presented the ruler with many gifts.
★present sb. with sth. = present sth. to sb.将某物赠送或交给某人；向某人显示某事物。
My father presented me with a book.
The job presents many difficulties to the new comer.
36. Things did not always go so well.
★go well = get on/ along well/ fine进展顺利 How are things going? 情况进展如何？
37. Some suggested it could not be accomplished.
★suggest：1) v. 建议；提议；提出
suggest sth to sb.向某人提议某事 He suggested a rest to me.
suggest doing sth.建议做某事She suggested doing it in another day.
suggest that-clause（从句中用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气）
It’s suggested that - clause（从句中用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气）
2) v. 暗示；表明（从句中不用虚拟语气）
The expression on her face suggested that she was tired, so I suggested that she (should) have a rest.
3) suggestion：n. 建议；提议（其后的名词性从句也用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气）
My suggestion is that he (should) start at once.
★accomplish：v. =succeed in doing sth.; finish sth. successfully; achieve sth.
A lazy man can never accomplish anything.
38. Apart from the cold, thin air and low oxygen levels can cause mountain sickness.
★apart from prep.
1) = besides; as well as; in addition to除……外（尚有）
Apart from Beijing, they have visited Tianjing, Nanjing, Jiangsu and Qingdao.
Apart from me, there ten other people at the meeting.
2) = except 除……之外
The children hardly see anyone apart from their parents.
3) = except for 如无……；要不是（在某一细节方面修正前面概括性的话）
Apart from his nose, he is good-looking.
The room is empty apart from a desk.
Apart from a few words, I do not know any French.
4) = beyond; out of; away from 远离
This is apart from the subject.这是题外话。
39. …because their body is unable to adjust to these extreme conditions.
★be unable to do sth.不能够做某事
★adjust (oneself) to sth.（使自己）适应某事 adjust sth. 调节；调整
The foreigners have adjusted to the life here.
He adjusted himself quickly to the heat of the country.
You’d better adjust your watch.
You can adjust the chair to the height of a person.
40. They had no idea what they were up against.
★have no idea：不知道（后面常接同位语从句）
★be up against sth. 遇到（艰难困苦等）；遇到（问题、困难等）
We shall be up against a strong team in the next team.
She’s really up against many difficulties.
41. …laughed at the strange bottles containing what they referred to as “English air”.
…so you want to read on without looking up all words in a dictionary.
★refer to sb./ sth.提到、说到或涉及到某人或某物；向……查询信息；与……有关；关系到某人或某物
look up sth in a dictionary = refer to a dictionary查字典
I often refer to these books in my translation.
Don’t refer to this matter again, please.
When I said someone was stupid, I wasn’t referring to you.
What I have to say refers to all of you.
★refer to …as…把……称作……Once, these people would often be referred to as “deaf” or “blind”.
42. When their oxygen ran out, they had no chance of surviving.
★run out：耗尽；用网；跑出来（没有被动语态）
Sb. run out of sth.某人用完了某物 = Sb. use sth. up.
Sb. run out ( of someplace).某人跑出（某地）
Sth. run out.某物被用完了 = Sth. be used up.
My patience has completely run out. 我已经彻底没了耐心。
He has run out his money to look for his lost child.
He got angry and ran out of the room.
★have/ there is no chance of doing sth. = have/ there is no chance to do sth.没有机会或可能性做某事
He has not much chance of winning.
43. In later years the question arose who was the first to reach the top.
★arise ( arose, arisen)：1) vi. 呈现；出现；发生A new difficulty has arisen.
A storm arose during the night.
★arise from/ out of sth.因某事而产生、造成或引起
The problems arose out of the lack of communication.
★arise =rise; get up or stand up起身；起来；起立
44. …were the first to make it to the summit of Mount Qomolangma.
★make it：做成；成功；达到目的地；赶上
The train leaves in five minutes -we’ll never make it.
He’s never really made it as an actor.
He says he’ll get up at 6 tomorrow morning, but he’ll never make it.
45. On their return, they were praised as national heroes.
★on/ upon (doing) sth.：在句中做时间状语，表示“一……就……”。on后面接动名词或表示动作的名词。句子的主语必须是on后面动词的逻辑主语。
On my arrival (= On my arriving), I found my house broken into.我一到就发现有人强行进入过我家。
On his return to Guilin, he set to work at once.他一回到桂林就马上开始工作。
On hearing (=When he heard) the news, he was very excited.
On reading the letter (=As soon as he read the letter), he cried.
★praise：1) v. praise sb/ sth for sth.因……而称赞某人或某物 He praised her for her courage.
praise sb/ sth. as sth.称赞某人或某物是…… He was praised as a model worker.
2) n. in praise of：表扬；表彰
The leader spoke at the meeting in praise of the hard-working people.
3) sing high praise for = think highly of 高度赞扬；歌颂
Though they can’t see the clothes, they sing high praise for them.
46. …the challenge lies in going past limits into new areas of achievement.
★lie in：1) 在于；存在 The cure for stress lies in learning to relax.消除紧张的方法在于学会放松。
His success lies in his hard work.
2) 位于；在某地 China lies in the east of Asia.
3) 睡懒觉 It’s a holiday tomorrow, so you can lie in.
47. …they discussed whether taking oxygen should be allowed or not.
★在宾语从句中，whether和if常可以互换，但在动词discuss之后的宾语从句若表示“是否”只能用whether，不能用if。另外，在介词后面的宾语从句也只能用whether。
They are discussing whether they should go there.
His decision depends on whether it will be fine tomorrow.
48. …which had nothing to do with sports.
★have nothing to do with sb./ sth.与……没有关系
have sth. to do with sb./ sth与……有点关系
What you will do has nothing to do with me.
49. We climbed as a team, period.
★句中的period的意思是标点符号中的“句号”，常用于口语中，加于一段话之后强调完毕，还可以译为“其他没什么好讲的了；就是这么回事”。
I’m not going, period.我不去了，就这样了。
I’ll never be for this idea, period.我永远不会支持这个观点，没什么好说的。