湖南隆回一中 罗玉南
定语从句（1）--关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose
用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
定语从句（2）--关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
定语从句（3）--判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where鶥. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where鶥. that C. on which鶧. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)。
定语从句(4)---限制性和非限制性定语从句
1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2)当先行词是专有名词或具有唯一性的名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
非限制性定语从句与高考试题
我们在学习英语时，常常遇到非限制性定语从句。下面结合高考试题谈谈学习运用非限制性定语从句时应注意的几个问题。
1.that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句煩
[考例1]燬he heard the terrible noise, ＿＿＿＿ brought her heart into her mouth．(MET’91)牘鶤．it B．which鶦．this鶧．that煩
[简析]犙B。后半句为非限制性定语从句，不用that而用which来引导。which指代noise，在从句中作主语。
2.除which外，还可用when焪here焪hose焪hom等引导非限制性定语从句，且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句时相同。如：
Next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching．
下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。（关系副词when指代表示时间的名词next month，并作从句的状语。）
She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends．
她要到澳门去居住，在那里她有几个密友。（关系副词where指代表示地点的名词Macao，并在从句中作状语。）
[考例2]燫ecently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ＿＿was very reasonable.(上海2000)A．which price B．the price of which C．its price D．the price of whose
[简析]犙B。whose在从句中作表示所属关系的定语，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物时，常可转换为of which；指人时常可转换为of whom。
[考例3]營n the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p．m．, ＿＿＿＿ many people have gone home．
A．whose time B．that C．on which D．by which time(上海’95)牑
[简析]犗刃写5:30 p．m．与time之间是一种同位关系，可用which来作定语替代。从句中的完成状态，常与by短语连用，故选D。
3.在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。如：
He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother．
他迫切地想到医院去看望他继母，他把继母当自己的亲妈妈一样爱戴。
4.非限制性定语从句的关系代词which，既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。
[考例4]燚orothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ＿＿＿＿ of course,焟ade the others unhappy．
A．who鶥．which鶦．this鶧．what煩(NMET 2000)牑煩
[简析] 选B。指代“Dorothy总是高度评价自己在那场戏中所担任的角色”整个事件。
[考例5]燙arol said the work would be done by October, ＿＿＿＿ personally I doubt very much．鶤．it B．that C．when D．which煩 （NMET’99）牑煩
[简析]牨硎臼奔涞拿词October，用“我个人非常怀疑”来修饰，意思不通。应该修饰整个主句，表示对“Carol说在十月前能作好这项工作”怀疑。故选D。
5.修饰先行主句时as和which的差异从句置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导，而置于句末时，as和which都行。
[考例6] ＿＿＿＿ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month．(NMET 2001)牘
A．It B．As鶦．That鶧．What煩
[简析]牰汉疟砻魑非限制性定语从句。选B。
[考例7] ＿＿＿＿ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing．
A．Which鶥．As鶦．That鶧．It煩(上海’99)牑煩
[简析]牬鸢肝狟。与考例6同理。
定语从句（5）---介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3）某些在从句中充当时间，点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
=This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
=Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
定语从句（6）--as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，也可以放在句中或句末, as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：
1．as has been said before 如上所述
2．as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样
3．as is well known 众所周知
4．as was expected正如预料的那样
5．as has been already pointed out正如已经指出的那样
6．as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样；
而which只放在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___ came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which鶧. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what鶥. which鶦. that鶧. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that鶥. which鶦. as D. it
答案B.as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，具有描述性的特点，如，“在这一点上” 或“正如…..”；而which表结果，则从句中的关系代词用which.。
在本题中，正因为rained hard， 才造后面的结果，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法：
例1.the same… as；such…as; as / so…as…中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。as既可指人，也可指物，常在限制性定语从句中充当主、宾、表语。as引导的定语从句的先行词前面常有as ／such ／the same等修饰词。还要注意区分下列两个词组：
1．“such．．．that．．．”表“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such．．．as．．．”表“像……这（那）样”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在定语从句中充当主、宾、表语等。试比较下列两个句子：
①He is such an honest man that we respect him.
他是一个如此诚实的人以致我们都尊敬他。
② He is such an honest man as we respect．他像我们所尊敬的那种诚实的人。
2．“the same．．．that．．．”表同一人或物，而“the same．．．as．．．”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子：①This is the same book that I lost．这就是我丢失的那一本书。（指同一本书）②This is the same book as I lost．我丢失的那一本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）
例如：
He is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。
Don't read such books as are not worth reading．不要读那些不值得读的书。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
The film is so good as we saw last night.(as 作saw 的宾语)
Cf.The film is so good that we moved to tears.(that是连词，不作句子成分,引导结果状语从句)
Last night we saw such a good film as we had expected.(as作expected的宾语)
Cf.Last night we saw such a good film that we thought it’s worth seeing again. (that是连词，不作句子成分,引导结果状语从句)
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
定语从句（7）
1.先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
2. what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
定语从句（8）―――二个特殊关系代词的用法
but，than作关系代词引导定语从句时，“特殊”在哪里？请关注本文。
1．but既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that ／which ／who．．．not”。它前面的主句通常有“否定”的词（如：no，not， little，few，hardly等）。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如：鶷here is no mother but loves her own children．（＝There is no mother that／who does not love her own children．）没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
2．than既可指人，也可指物，可作关系代词来引导定语从句。than前通常有表比较的词。例如：鶩ewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party．来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。
定语从句（9）定语从句中的主谓一致
引导词在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词人称和数要根据引导词所指内容而定。例如：Here are such sentences as are often used by the students. ( as指代sentences，谓语动词用are)。I, who am a Party member, should work hard for our country.( who指代I, 谓语用am.)。
He was one of the students who were praised for it. ( who指代the students)
他是被表扬的学生之一。
He was the only one of the students who was praised for it. ( who 指the only one)
他是唯一被表扬的学生。
PA:易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句
1.定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“。。。的（名词）”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较：
1)We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分)
2)We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.(定语从句，that 作told 的宾语)
2.定语从句与状语从句。试比较：
1)He left the key where he had been an hour before.
(where引导地点状语从句，相当于in the place where)
2)He left the place where he lived for many years.
(where 引导定语从句，修饰the place)
3)He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.
(as 引导定语从句)
4)He is such a good teacher that we all like him.
(that引导结果状语从句,such…that… “如此…以致…”)
3． 定语从句与主语从句。试比较：
1) As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.
(as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首)
2) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.
(it 做形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句)
CF.What is known to us is that paper was first made in China.
4．定语从句与强调结构。试比较：
1)It is the house where I met the young man.
(where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)
2)It was in the house that I met the young man.
(本句为强调结构，可还原为I met the young man in the house.)
下面咱们一起来分析几道定语从句的难题。
例1．It is the young man _______ looked for _______ caught the murderer.
A. that …who B. that …they C . they …that D they…which
分析：答案是C。本题考查了定语从句和强调句式。强调句式的结构是“It is + 强调部分 + that/who….”。they looked for前省略了关系代词that,因为先行词the young man 在从句中做looked for的宾语。强调句为It is the young man who/that caught the murderer.本句意思是“是那个他们寻找的年轻人抓住了杀人犯”。
例2．Is this factory _______ we visited last year?
A. where鶥 in which鶦 the one鶧 at which
分析：做这题首先要明白一个概念。被定语从句修饰的名词前一般都有the，因为它已被限定。所以此题还原成陈述句应该是this factory is______ we visited last year. 而不是this is factory ______ we visited last year.知道这一点后做题容易了，不能选A, B, D。因为句子没有先行词。所以答案是C。从句前省略了关系代词that/which。题目如改为Is this the factory ________we visited last year? 空格处应该用which 或 that。
例3．The book, the cover _______ is broken, is not mine.
A. of it鶥 for鶦 whose鶧 of which
分析：答案是D。先行词the book 代入从句应该是 the cover of the book is broken.相当于whose cover。
例4．This is Mr Smith, _____ I think has something interesting to tell you.
A . who B whom C. that D. x
分析：此题同学们容易错选B，认为先行词Mr. Smith做think 的宾语。I think , you think, do you think 等表明某人观点的短语是插入语。插入语的特点是去掉不影响句子表达。所以做题时遇到插入语，先去掉，This is Mr. Smith, _______ has something interesting to tell you。很容易得到答案A.
例5．Who _______ has seen the TV film doesn’t admire it?
A . that鶥 who鶦 which鶧 as
分析：先行词是who，到是指人，可为了避免重复，不用who，而用能指代人的that。答案是A。
例6．You can never imagine what great trouble I have had ________ the patient who
Received a serious wound.
A. treat B. to treat鶦 treating鶧 treated
分析：迷惑的答案是D，同学们容易根据had确定用过去分词。而做好这题，关键是知道句型have trouble(difficult) doing sth 做某事有困难。定语从句部分是I have had (great trouble)treating the patient.而patient 后又有一个定语从句。答案是C。
例7．This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson.
A. when鶥 that C which D in which
分析：答案是B。这里的time不指时间，而是次数。所以用that引导。
例8．I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her.
A . that B on which鶦 which D as
分析：此题先行词是the way，用。。。方式的短语是in this way。所以定语从句应该是in which you laugh at her。但习惯上也可说that you laugh at her。或者什么也不用you laugh at her。答案是 A。