情态动词用法讲与练(1)

发布时间:2016-1-14 编辑:互联网 手机版

湖南隆回一中 罗玉南

I.情态动词+have done的用法

“情态动词+have done”是历年高考的热点,但有些同学对这一结构不甚了解。为了便于同学们学习,现将这种结构的两种主要用法借表归纳如下。

一、表示对过去情况的推测或估计

所用的句式 意义

must have done 肯定句 一定(已经)……

may /might have done 肯定句 可能/大概(已经)……否定句可能还没有……

can /could have done 否定句 不可能(已经)……疑问句 可能/也许(已经)……了吗?

说明:1眒ight /could有时并不是may / can的过去式,而是表示一种委婉的语气或更小的可能性。2眒ight have done有时可用于疑问句中,此时might就相当于can /could。

二、表示对过去所发生的事情的遗憾或责备

所用的句式 意义

should /ought to have done 肯定句,否定句, 疑问句 本来(不) 应该……的

might/could have done 肯定句 本来能够/可以……的

need have done 否定句 本不必要……的

had better have done 肯定句,否定句, 疑问句 要是(没有)干了……就好了

would rather have done 同上 本来想做……(却未做)

说明:1.might have done有时可表示对过去发生事情的庆幸,意为“差点儿……”。如:

Didn't you see that car nearly hit me?I might have been killed.

你难道没看见那辆小车差点儿撞上了我吗?我差点就没命了。

2币注意needn't have done与didn't need to do的差别。

He needn't have come.他本没有必要来。(实际却来了)

He didn't need to come.他没有必要来。(实际也没来)

同学们在做有关“情态动词+have done”练习时,在掌握这一结构的两种基本用法的同时,还要仔细体会题干所提供的语言信息,准确理解语言环境和说话人的含意,尤其要注意题干中时态给予的暗示。

巩固练习:(练习题均为高考题)

1.-I stayed at a hotel while in New York.-Oh,did you?You ____ with Barbara.

A.could have stayed B.could stay鶦.would stay D.must have stayed

2.I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning.She ____鷄t the meeting.

A.mustn't have spoken B.shouldn't have spoken

C.needn't have spoken D.couldn't have spoken

3.He ____鷜ou more help,even though he was busy.

A.might have given B.might give鶦.may have given鶧.may give

4.-I saw our teacher in the office just now.-You ____鷋er,she is still abroad.

A.can't have seen B.mustn't have seen鶦.needn't have seen D.shouldn't have seen

5.Kate is already two hours late.What ____ to her?

A.can have happened B.may have happened鶦.should have happened D.must have happened

6.We ____鷏ast night,but we went to the concert instead.

A.must have studied B.might study鶦.should have studied D.would study

7.There was plenty of time.She ____ .

A.mustn't have hurried鶥.couldn't have hurried鶦.mustn't hurry鶧.needn't have hurried8.Yesterday,Jane walked away from the discussion.Otherwise,she ____鷖omething she would regret later.

A.had said鶥.said C.might say鶧.might have said

9.-Did you scold him for his mistake?-Yes,but ____鷌t.

A.I'd rather not do B.I'd better not do

C.I'd better not have done D.I'd rather have not done

10.Sorry,I'm late.I ____鷋ave turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.

A.might鶥.should C.can鶧.will

II. 情态动词难点透视

英语中的情态动词虽然为数不多,但是要掌握好它们的用法并不容易。本文结合同学们在使用情态动词时不易掌握的难点谈几点看法。

1.can表示可能性时,指的是理论上的可能,它通常不用来表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性。如:

Accidents can happen.Anybody can make mistakes.

如果我们要表达某事发生的实际可能性,要用may,could或might等。

We may spend our summer holidays in Hangzhou this year.

Will you answer the telephone﹖ It could/may/might be your mother.

2.could用来征求意见时,语气要比can委婉,但在回答问题时我们不能用could,因为语气委婉,可能性就变小了。如:

-Could I use your telephone﹖-Yes, please go ahead.

3.在过去时态的肯定句中需要某种条件或努力做成某事,我们要用was/were able to而不能用could。如:

It was a holiday and the children were able to go to the seaside.

The girl worked hard焥o she was able to pass the final test.

4.must与have to都可以表示“必须”的意思,但要注意以下两点区别。

1) must只有现在时,而have to有现在时、过去时和将来时。如:

We must work hard, or we’ll fail in the examination.

Two years ago, the poor girl had to leave school for lack of money.

2) must表示主观看法,have to则侧重于客观需要。如:

We must be strict with ourselves in everything.

In cities with many cars, some people have to wear masks.

5.must表示推测时,其反意问句有好几种形式。

1) “must+动词原形”对目前的情况进行推测时以及用must+be+-ing形式对目前正在发生的情况进行推测时,疑问短语部分要与must之后的动词相一致。如:

The mathematics teacher must be in the office now, isn’t he﹖

2) “must+have+过去分词”用来表示对已经发生的事情进行推论。如果句子中有过去的时间状语,疑问部分用助动词didn’t牱裨颍疑问部分用haven’t或hasn’t。如:

The children must have watered the tomatoes yesterday, didn’t they﹖

The minister must have arrived in Shanghai, hasn’t he﹖

6.shall可以用来征求对方意见。用于第一、三人称。此外它也可以用来表示说话人的命令、警告、允诺、威胁或决心等,这时它用于第二、三人称。如:

Shall she go to the concert with us this evening﹖ (征求意见)

You shall go to the front at once.(命令)

Don’t worry.You shall get the answer this very afternoon.

(允诺)鶫e shall be sorry one day.I tell you.(警告)

Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution.(决心)

7.在表示将来的时间、条件状语从句中,不能用will(这时的will不是情态动词,而是助动词,帮助构成将来时)。如:

If it will rain tomorrow, we shall not go to the mountain village.(误)

If it rains tomorrow, we shall not go to the mountain village.(正)

当情态动词will表示意愿或决心时,是可以用于条件状语从句的。如:

If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice on how to learn English.

如果你愿意听我的话,我将给你提点学习英语的建议。

If you will come this way,the manager will meet you.

请您往这边走,经理现在要见你。

8.should除表示必要或义务外,还可表示推测或可能。如:

The American friends should be here now.

“should/ought to+have+过去分词”既可表示本该做而事实上没有做的事,也可以表示惊讶、赞叹等情绪。如:

You should have told her about it the day before yesterday.

It’s wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years.

“情态动词+have+过去分词”是很重要的一种句型,除should外,may, might, must, couldn’t, needn’t, ought to等都可以用于这一句型,但要注意熓褂貌煌的情态动词熅渥拥囊馑季陀兴不同。

9.ought to与should意思接近,大多数情况下二者可以互换,但是should谈的是自己的主观看法,ought to则更多反映客观情况,在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。如:

We should/ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work.

She is your mother, so you ought to support her.

We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.

10.need,用作情态动词,仅用于否定句和疑问句,而不用于肯定句。在肯定句中要用must, have to, should, ought to或将need当作行为动词使用。如:

We need report the matter to the boss immediately.(误)

We must report the matter to the boss immediately.(正)

We need to report the matter to the boss immediately.(正)

Dare的用法也一样。

dare 与need 的用法

1).dare作为情态动词,主要用于疑问句,否定句和条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句.

a. How dare you say I’m unfair ?

b. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare she ?

c. If he dare break the rule , he will be punished .

2).need表示”需要”或”必须”,作情态动词用时,仅用于否定句或疑问句. 条件从句中。“有…必要”。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should代替.

a. You needn’t come so early.

b. --Need I finish the work today ?---Yes, you must./ No , you needn’t .

c. If you need go there , please let me know .

3).dare和need常用作实义动词,有时态,人称和数的变化。所不同的是,在肯定句中,dare 后面通常接带to的不定式; 在否定和疑问句中, dare后可接带to或不带to的不定式.

a .I dare to swim across the river b .He doesn’t dare (to) answer.

C .We need time and money.

d .The dining room needs / wants / requires cleaning every day .

= The dining room needs / wants / requires to be cleaned every day .

e. Does he need to take the medicine four times a day ?

III.情态动词的测试热点

本阶段出现了不少“情态动词+have+过去分词”的句型。在此之前,同学们也学到了许多有关情态动词的用法。笔者在文中对历年来的高考试题进行了分析,指出了历年来高考试题对情态动词的测试热点,谈到了使用情态动词时应注意的相关知识,供同学们参考,以期提高同学们运用所学知识的能力。

热点一:情态动词表示推测的用法

情态动词must,can,could,may,might都可用来表示推测。其中,must所表示的可能性最大,最有把握,意为“一定”。注意,其否定式mustn’t表示“想必不”;表示“不可能”要用can’t或couldn’t。 may 和 might表示可能性时,主要用于肯定句中,might相对于may 来说,表示的可能性更小一些。 can和could主要用于否定句和疑问句中。

需要注意的几点:

1.表示猜测,can一般不用于肯定句中,除非是“经验之谈”。我们在SEFC Book 2, Lesson 30中学过这样两个表示“经验之谈”的句子:鶦hildren can often get ill suddenly.(小孩常常可能突然生博#┅鶦ertain things in the home can be dangerous,especially if you have young children.(家里的某些东西可能有危险,尤其是有小孩的时候。)上面两句可以看作医务工作者或抚养过孩子的人说的话,属“经验之谈”。

2.may和might都不用于疑问句中。如:(正)Can /Could it be cloudy tomorrow ?(误)May /Might it be cloudy tomorrow ?

3.must的否定式是can't /couldn't,不是 needn't或m ustn't。

4.would +V原形:想必现在/过去……;现在/过去可能……鶫e would be back today /yesterday.想必他今天/昨天回来了。(他今天/昨天可能回来了。)

5.should /ought to +V原形:想必现在/将来会……鶷he dinner should /ought to be ready now.想必晚饭现在已备好。鶫e should /ought to ring up this afternoon.想必他今天下午会打电话的。

6.will +V原形:将来一定/准会……

Try your best,and your wish will come true.尽力吧,你的理想准会实现的。

在近年来的高考试题中,测试may和might表示可能性的频率较高,是一个热点项目。

如:

Peter ____ come with us tonight,but he isn’t very sure yet.(NMET’93)牘

A. must鶥. may C. can鶧. will

简析:本题选B。本题的后半句暗示了选择答案的条件。

Michael ____ be a policeman for he’s much too short. (上海’94)牘

A. needn’t鶥. can’t鶦. should D. may

简析:本题选B。本题的后半句给出了理由。

-Are you coming to Jeff’s party﹖

-I’m not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead.(NMET2000)牘

A. must鶥. would C. should鶧. might

简析:本题答语部分中的“I’m not sure”暗示了说话者的语气不肯定。因而,本题应选D。 Johnny, you __play with the knif,you ____ hurt yourself.(NMET’96)

A. won’t;can’t鶥. mustn’t;may鶦. shouldn’t;must D. can’t;shouldn’t

简析:本题应选B。第一空用mustn’t表示禁止,第二空用may表示可能。

情态动词表示猜测的答题方法及考例精析

解答情态动词表示猜测的试题时,一要清楚被猜测的时间,二要清楚有无客观事实根据。若有客观事实根据,则无论是肯定还是否定的猜测,猜测语气最强且符合时间要求的为最佳答案;情态动词表示猜测时语气从强到弱的顺序是:must,will,would,ought to,should,can,may,could,might。若无客观事实根据,纯凭主观臆断,则猜测语气最弱且符合时间要求的为最佳答案。如:

1.I thought you __________ like something to read,so I have brought you some books.(MET 1986)鶤.may B.might鶦.could D.must

由题意可知被猜测的时间是(过去)将来,没有客观事实根据,猜测语气要求最弱,所以正确选项是B。

2.Peter __________ come with us tonight,but he isn't sure yet.(MET 1993)

A.must鶥.may C.can D.will

由题意可知被猜测的时间是将来,没有客观事实根据,猜测语气要求最弱,所以正确选项是B。

3.It __________ last night,for the ground was wet this morning.

A.must have rained鶥.may have rained鶦.must rain鶧.might rain

由题意可知被猜测的时间是过去,有客观事实根据the ground was wet,猜测语气要求最强,所以正确选项是A。

4.Mary __________ be in Paris,for I saw her in the town only a few minutes ago.(MET 1994)鶤.mustn't鶥.can't鶦.shouldn't鶧.may not

由题意可知被猜测的时间是现在,有客观事实根据I saw her in the town a few minutes ago,猜测语气要求最强,所以正确选项是B(can't是m ust的否定式)。

5.-There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.

-It __________ a comfortable journey.(NMET 1995)

A.can't be B.shouldn't be C.mustn't have been D.couldn't have been

由题意可知被猜测的时间是过去,有客观事实根据there were already five people...take me as well,猜测语气要求最强,所以正确选项是D。

6.-When can I come for the photos?I need them tomorrow afternoon.

-They __________ be ready by 12:00.(NMET 1998)

A.can B.should C.might D.need

由题意可知被猜测的时间是将来,有客观事实根据need them tomorrow afternoon,猜测语气要求最强,所以正确选项是B。

7.-Are you coming to Jeff's Party?

-I'm not sure.I __________ go to the concert instead.(NMET 2000)

A.must鶥.would C.might D.should

由题意可知被猜测的时间是将来,没有客观事实根据,猜测语气要求最弱,所以正确选项是C.

热点二:情态动词表示能力的用法

情态动词表示能力时,一般用can/could或be able to 。be able to用于表示能力并且可用于各种时态,而can只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态。此外,当表示过去成功地做成了某事时,只能用was / were able to。如:

A computer _____ think for itself, it must be told what to do.(MET’91)牘

A. can’t B. couldn’t鶦. may not鶧. might not

简析:这里说明电脑不具备独立思考的能力 故本题选A。

The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____get out.(NMET’97)牘

A. had to B. would C. could鶧. was able to

简析:本题题意为“大火很快蔓延了整个旅馆,但全体人员都脱离了危险。”, 故本题选D。

热点三:表示“许可”、“允许”的情态动词

can/could may/might都可用来表示请求允许或许可。过去式could和might常用于疑问句中,表示礼貌。回答时,常用原形can或者may,不可再用过去式could或might。如:

-Could I borrow your dictionary﹖(MET’92)

-Yes, of course you _______.

A. might B. will鶦. can鶧. should

简析:本题的前一句用could提问,表示委婉的请求。回答时,应用原形can。故本题选C。

热点四:shall/should的用法

shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见,常译为“要某人做某事吗﹖”。shall也可用于第二、三人称的陈述句中,表示说话人的意愿,有命令、警告、决心、强制、许诺或威胁之意。研读历届高考题不难发现,should的考点主要体现在以下几个方面: 1)表示责任和义务,意为“应该”;2)表示可能性推测,意为“很可能、该”;3)用于虚拟语气中。

4).should(not)have done结构的用法。现结合历届高考题对其用法作一归纳。

一、“should(ought to)have done”结构意为“本来应该……”,表示过去应该做或值得做的事情而没有做到,含有后悔、埋怨、责备等意味。该结构的否定式“shouldn't(ought not to)have done”则表示过去做了不应该做的事,意为“本来不应该……却……”。例如:

1.Jerry __________ have kept her word,I wonder why she changed her mind.(MET91)鶤.must B.should鶦.need鶧.would

2.We __________ last night,but we went to the concert instead.(MET92)

A.must have studied鶥.might study鶦.should have studied鶧.would study

3.I told Sally how to get there,but perpaps I __________ for her.(NMET94)

A.had to write it out鶥.must have written it out

C.should have written it out鶧.ought to write it out

4.Tom ought not to __________ me your secret,but he meant no harm.(MET93)

A.have told B.tell鶦.be telling鶧.having told

5.There was a lot of fun at yesterday's party.You ______ come,but why didn't you?(99上海)鶤.must鶥.should鶦.need have D.ought to have

6.I was really anxious about you.You __________ home without a word.(NMET2001)

A.mustn't leave鶥.shouldn't have left鶦.couldn't have left鶧.needn't have left

7.Oh,I'm not feeling well in the stomach.I _______so much fried chicken just now.(2002上海春季高考)

A.shouldn't eat鶥.mustn't have eaten鶦.shouldn't have eaten鶧.mustn't eat

二、“should have done”结构还可以表示动作已经完成,但含有感情色彩,表示惊讶、惊奇等意味。意为“竟,竟然,居然”。例如:鶬'm sorry that this should have happened.很遗憾,竟然发生了这种事情。

It is wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years.这几年你竟然取得如此大的成就,真是了不起!

三、should也可以用来表示“推测”,意为“可能;该”。相当于be expected to。往往指具有一定的客观根据或根据推理对现在某事发生的“可能性”进行描述,语气上不如must强。若对现在正在进行的事情的推测,则用should be doing结构。例如:

8.-Will Mr Wang offer us a hand?

-He__________ be glad to.He never refused our request.(92上海)

A.can鶥.must C.may D.should

9.-When can I come for the photos?I need them tomorrow afternoon.

-They __________ be ready by 12:00.(NMET98)

A.can鶥.should鶦.might鶧.need

10.It's nearly seven o'clock.Jack __________ be here at any moment.(NMET95)

鶤.must鶥.need鶦.should D.can

I don't think he should be sleeping now,is he?我认为他现在不可能正在睡觉,是吗?

四、“should like/love to do sth.”结构意为“愿意/想做某事”。“should like/love to have done”结构则意为“本来想干某事,而当时却没干”。例如:

11.Little Jim should love __________ to the theatre this evening.(MET92)

A.to be taken B.to take鶦.being taken D.taking

12.I should love __________ to Professor Smith,but I didn't get any more chance.(96上海)

A.to be introduced鶥.to have been introduced鶦.to have introduced鶧.introducing

He should like to have attended the evening party,but he was too busy.

他本想参加这次晚会,可是当时他太忙了。