目标导引
1.单元词汇及短语
feed, arable, seedbed, traditional, technique, agriculture, produce, improve, develop, increase, damage, fertilization, irrigation, import, ripe, technology, exchange, shortage, greenhouse, temperature, control, variety practical, rough, plough, wine, gardening, weed, condition, have effect on, make a decision, make use of，bring in, depend on, stand for, in other words, a variety of, go against, year after year, pass on, from generation to generation, as well as, allow sb. to do
2.单元句型
（1）Although China is a very big country, only 7% of the land can be used for farming.
（2）It is on this arable land that the farmers produce food…
（3）To make as much use of the land as possible, two or more crops are planted each year where possible.
（4）Not only food production is important but also taking care of the environment.
（5）Today, many vegetables are not grown in gardens but in greenhouses.
3.单元语法
The use of “it”
核心知识
同义词辨析
1.soil, earth, ground, field和land
(1)soil指“土壤”，“国土”等。
The top soil has been washed away.最上面的土壤已经补冲走了。
At last he returned to his native soil.他终于回到了故土。
（2）earth作“泥土”解时，与soil同义。另外，它还可以表示“地球”，相对于“天空”而言。
The rain sinks into the earth/soil.雨水渗进泥土中。
（3）ground指“地面”，“地表”。
The boy fell to the ground.那男孩倒在地上。
（4）field 指“田地”，“原野”，“场地”。
Who is the man working in the field? 地里干活的人是谁？
（5）land作“陆地”解，相对于“大海”而言，也可以指“土地”、“国土”等。
We will go there by land. 我们将由陆路去那儿。
2．such as, such…as…
(1)such as 是短语连词，意为“诸如”，“例如”，引出的是such前面的词的同位语。如：
John likes to make furniture, such as chairs and tables. 约翰喜欢做家具，如桌子和椅子之类。
（2）such…as…意为“像……那样的”，“如……之类的”。such之后可跟可数名词，也可跟不可数名词。名词前还可以加其他形容词作修饰语。as 是关系代词，引导定语从句，as 常在从句中作主语、宾语或表语等。如：
I want to buy such books as are about science and technology. 我想买有关科技方面的书。（as 在从句中作主语）
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 不要读你看不懂的书。（as 在从句中作宾语）
Such books as this are too difficult to beginners. 这样的书对于初学者来说大难了。（as 引导一个省略的从句：as this (is), as 在从句中作表语）
3．especially(especial),specially(special)和particularly
(1) especial 为形容词，它的“特别”是不同于普通的，有“主要的”，“突出的”的意思。其副词为especially，反义词为ordinary。如：
It’s a matter of especial importance. 这是一件特别重要的事情。
I feel especially interested in the project. 我对这个方案特别感兴趣。
（2）special的“特别”是不同于一般的，有“特殊的”，“专门的”意思。其反义词为
general,副词为specially。如：
They went to Paris on a special plane.他们乘专机去巴黎。
I came here specially to ask you for advice.我是专程来这里向你请教的。
（3）particularly意为“尤其”，“特别”，“格外地”。通常指以不寻常的方式突出某一事物的个性或独特之处。它常与especially换用，但更强调“与众不同”。如：
These books will be particularly helpful to those who wish to improve spoken English.这些书对那些希望提高自己英语口语水平的人来说特别有用。
4．start to do sth..和start doing sth.
一般情况下，两者可以互换。如：
He started learning /to learn English when he was only three. 他在只有三岁的时候就开始学习英语了。
但在下列三种情况下，只能用start to do sth.
(1)当主语是物而不是人时。如：
The ice started to melt.冰开始融化。
（2）当start用于进行时态时。如：
She is starting to cook the dinner.她开始做饭。
（3）当start 后面的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动（即表示想法、意见等的词，如think, realize, wonder, understand等）时。如：
She started to wonder who had done it .她开始想是谁做了这件事。
5．as well as , not only…but also…
两者都有“不但……而且”的意思，但侧重点有所不同。as well as 强调前面部分，而not only…but also强调的是but also的部分，即：A as well as B = not only B but also A。如：
He can speak French as well as English.他不仅会说英语，还会说法语。
6．try to do sth.和 try doing sth.
(1)try to do 意为“努力，企图做某事”。如：
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
（2）try doing 意为“试验，试着做某事”。如：
I tried gardening but didn’t succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
7．keep, raise
(1)keep表示“饲养”（动物）。如：
My uncle keeps pigs and hens.我叔叔养猪养鸡。
（2）raise除了表示“饲养”（动物）外，还可以表示“养育”（子女）。如：
It was said that the Chinese first raised silkworms.据说，是中国人最早养蚕的。
He raised some flowers in the back garden.他在后园里种了一些花。
She has raised five children.她养育了五个子女。
8.deep, deeply
deep多指时、空深度，而且deeply较多地用于喻义，多指情感上的深厚程度或强烈程度。如：
Petroleum lies deep in the earth.石油存在于土壤深处。
The geologist went deep into the jungle.那个地质学者到了丛林深处。
I went on reading deep into the night.我继续读书直到深夜。
He was deeply interested in the research.他对这项研究非常感兴趣。
What he said hurt her deeply.他说的话深深伤害了她。
9．year by year, year after year
(1)year by year 表示每年都有所变化。如：
I grow taller year by year.我一年年长高。
（2）year after year表示一年年一成不变。如：
The flowers remain the same year after year while people change year by year .年年岁岁相似，岁岁年年人不同。
10. contain vt.“包含；含有；容纳”侧重包含的内容和成分。
include vt.“包括；列入”侧重范围或整体。
eg.
This book contains all the information you need.
这本书包含了你所需要的所有信息。
Sea water contains salt.海水含有盐。
Our ten-city tour included a visit to London.
我们“十城游”包括参观伦敦。
试题：
This book ____ forty maps, _____ three of Great Britain.
A. contains; includes B. is containing; including
C.includes; contains D. contains; including
解析 contain作“含有”讲，不能用于进行时，This book中含有40幅地图，侧重的是内容；又因为including为介词，常位于句尾。所以答案为D
答案 D
试题
改错：Their diet includes a lot of fat.他们的食物含有脂肪。
应改为：Their diet contains a lot of fat.
11.discover（客观存在但以前不为人所知的事物的）“发现”
invent（原来不存在的东西的）“发明”
find发现或找到自己所需要的或丢失的东西，强调结果。
uncover揭发；揭露；揭开
试题：
Gibert _____ electricity, but Edison ___the light bulb.
A. discovered ; found B.discovered ; invented
C. invented ; discovered D. discovered ; invented
解析 第一空应为“发现”；第二空应为“发明”所以正确答案为B
答案 B
12.all 可接单、复数名词,专有名词或不可数名词
whole 通常接单数名词，有时接复数名词，但不能接不可数名词。
有其他限定词时，其顺序是：“all + the ( this, his …) + n”
试题：
When they arrived, _____ village turned out to welcome them.
A. all B. whole C.the whole D. The whole
答案 C
课文难点解析
（1）Although China is a very big country, only 7% of the land can be used for farming. 虽然中国是一个大国，但是只有7%的土地能用于耕作。
1）Although“虽然，尽管”引导让步状语从句。与though相同。
注意：
although…but（错）
although…yet sb.…（对）
although…sb. still…（对）
eg. Although ( Though ) he worked hard, yet he failed.
Although ( Though ) he worked hard, he still failed.
虽然他很努力，但还是失败了。
试题：
Although he is considered a great writer, ________.
A. his works are not widely read
B. but his works are not widely read
C. however his works are not widely read
D. still his works are not widely read
解析 B，C是错误搭配。D句为否定，常不用still.
答案 A
2) use for意为“作…用”。
eg.
We used the seal’s for coats.我们用海豹皮作大衣。
Castor oil is used for medicine.蓖麻油可作药用。
It can also be used for food.它也可作食用。
（2） It is on this arable land that the farmers produce food for the whole population for China.
就是在这样少的耕地上农民为全国的人生产粮食。
It is /was +被强调部分 + that ( who ) …这是强调句型结构。强调句型是中学阶段所学的极其重要的句型之一，也是高考测试的重点和热点之一。在运用中其使用率也较高，因此，对此结构必须引起高度重视。概括起来，应注意以下几个方面：
1）掌握该句型的关键在于把握强调句型的判断标准，即去掉强调句式结构或经过语序相应调整后，原句仍成立。
eg. It was because he was ill that he did not come to see you.
他是因为病了没能来见你。
去掉强调句型的句式结构It was…that…后，原句仍然成立。
2）注意谓语动词的人称和数一致性。在强调句型中，当强调主语时，其后的谓语动词应和被强调成分的人称和数一致。
eg. It is Mary and Tom who often do good deeds.
是玛丽和汤姆常常做好事。
3)注意who和that的选用。在强调句型中，若被强调部分指人，可以用关系代词who或 that；若被强调的是状语，只能用that不能用when和where.
eg. It was during the years 533～544 that Jia Sixie wrote a book called Qi Min Yao Shu.
在公元533～544年期间，贾思勰写了一本名《齐民要术》的书。
（强调时间状语）
4）注意区分含有“Not until…”的倒装结构和强调句型。Not until用于句首时，主语和谓语通常用倒装语序。如果是复合句，主句用倒装语序。但在It is / was not until…that…句型中，that后的主谓不倒装。
试题：
It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcasts began.
A. while B. which C. that D. since
答案 C（句子的主、谓不倒装）
5）注意：该句型一般不能强调谓语动词。强调句型通常强调主语、宾语或状语，一般不强调谓语。需要强调谓语时，须在谓语动词原形前面加上助动词do, does或did.
eg. You mean it looks strange! I’ll tell you something that does sound strange .
你的意思是说很奇怪！我将告诉你一件很奇怪的事。
6）注意与“It is / was …that-clause”主语从句的区别。强调句型与it作形式主语，that从句作真正主语的句型十分相似，但主语从句中It is / was 后通常用名词或形容词作表语。强调句型中It is / was 后是对主语、宾语或状语的强调成分。
试题：
＿＿ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A.There B. This C. That D. It
解析 It作形式主语，名词fact作表语，that English is…作真正主语，故选D。
答案 D
（3）Not only food production is important but also taking care of the environment.
不仅粮食生产很重要，而且保护环境也很重要。
Today, many vegetables are not grown in gardens but in greenhouses.
今天，许多蔬菜不是在园地里种植生长的，而是在温室里。
no…but…不是…而是…
not only…but（also）…不但…而且…
eg.
Shakespear was not a musician but a writer.
莎士比亚不是音乐家而是作家。
Shakespear was not only a writer but（also）an actor.
莎士比亚不但是作家而且还是个演员。
连接并列成分作主语，谓语动词的数与靠近的主语一致。
试题：
Not the wonderful views but the warmth of the host ____ moved us all.
A. has B. have C. was D. are
解析 根据就近一致的原则，空白处的动词的数应与the warmth一致，即用单数；又因为move为及物动词，意为“使…感动”，表示主动，故答案A。
答案 A
（4）The temperature is controlled with computers, or kept the same, no matter how the weather is outside.
气温是由电脑来控制的，无论外面的天气情况怎么样，气温都保持一样。
…no matter how the weather is outside是让步状语从句。
No matter + 疑问词（what, when, where, how, …）引导让步状语从句，意为“不管”，“无论”＝疑问词＋ever（whatever, whoever, whenever, however…）
但“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导状语从句，不能引导主语从句或宾语从句；而“疑问词＋ever”可用来引导主语从句或宾语从句。
eg.
NO matter what he says, I won’t believe.
不管他说什么，我都不想信他。
No matter who knocks, don’t open the door.
不管谁敲门，都不要开。
No matter how you travel it’ll take you at least two days.
无论你用什么方式旅行，至少要两天的时间。
试题：
1)._____ far away you are, you are always in our thoughts.
A. Even though B. No matter what
C. No matter how D. In spite of
答案 C
2) No matter ___ you have time or not, you must deliver these clothes today.
A． if B. whether C. when D. how
答案 B
（5）In 1993,a kind of tomato was developed that was very different from any grown before. It was developed using a technique known as GM.
1993年，研制出一种完全不同于以前任何品种的西红柿。这种西红柿是运用一种称为GM的技术研制出来的。
1）…that was very different from any grown before 是定语从句，修饰a kind of tomato.
●be different from…不同于…；与…不同
eg. American English is different from British English in some ways.美国英语在某些方面不同于英国英语。
2）…using a technique known as GM.现在分词短语作方式状语；其中known as GM为过去分词短语作定语修饰a technique
be known as…被称为，人们称作，是有名的
be known for…因…而出名
be known to…为…所知…
eg.
Today he is well known as a famous leader.
今天，他被称为一位著名的领导人。
The first tomb, known as ChangLing, was built at the beginning of the 15th century.
第一座墓叫做长陵，是十五世纪初修建。
Guilin is known for its beautiful sceneries.
桂林因风景优美而出名。
The use of gunpowder was known to the Chinese before the Europeans.
中国人懂得应用火药在欧洲人之前。
（6）He spent his time on research into agriculture.
他把时间用在农业研究上。
1）spend…on…在…在…花费
eg. She spent a lot of money on clothes.
她在穿衣上花了很多钱。
2）research into对…进行研究
eg. The doctor carried out a research into healthy food.
这位大夫对健康食品进行了研究。………
注意：
sb. spend money（time）on sth./（in）doing sth.
sb. pay（money）for sth.
sth. cost sb. money
It takes（sb.）some time to do sth.
（7）It is good to grow different plants next to each other in the same field.在同一块田地里间种不同的植物是有益处的。
●It + be + adj / n + ( for sb.) to do sth.
其中It是形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式或不定式复合结构。
eg.
It is difficult to understand what she’s talking about.
很难理解她谈话的内容。
It’s my duty to help you when you are in trouble.
你有困难时帮助你是我的责任。
It’s difficult for us to work out the problem.
对我们来说，解出这道题是很难的。
在本句型中，不定式复合结构通常是“for sb. to do sth.”但也有用“of sb. to do”
此时则表示对某人或某事的称赞或责备；of后的sb.与形容词有逻辑上的系表关系，这时形容词常为人品形容词。
eg. It’s kind of you to invite me to the party.承蒙邀请，不胜感激。
（相当于You are kind to invite me to the party.）
It’s silly of you to ask such questions.你提出这类问题，实在太蠢了。
（相当于You are silly to ask such questions.）
语法聚焦
强调是人们在交际中为了有效地交流思想，突出重要内容所运用的一种手段。英语中强调的手段多种多样。口语中可以利用语音手段，借助重读和语调的变化，突出或强调句中的某一个词或成分。在书面语言中，可以利用语法手段、词汇手段和修饰手段突出或强调句中的某个部分。
1.强调句型的形式
强调句型：“It is (was)+被强调的部分+that+原句剩余部分”
比较下列各句：
It was John who/that bought an old bike yesterday in a marketplace.是约翰昨天在市场上买了辆旧自行车。（强调主语）
It was an old bike that John bought yesterday in a marketplace.昨天约翰在市场买的是辆旧自行车。（强调宾语）
It was yesterday that John bought an old bike in a marketplace.约翰是昨天在市场上买了辆旧自行车。（强调时间状语）
It was in a marketplace that John bought an old bike yesterday. 约翰是在市场上昨天买了辆旧自行车。（强调地点状语）
2.使用强调句型应注意的事项
（1）强调句型可以强调主语、宾语、时间状语和地点状语等。不强调谓语，若要强调谓语时用助动词do。
（2）强调句型中的连接词that 不能省去，当主语是人或者宾语是人时可以用who, whom代替that, 且who, whom 也不能省去，其余成分均用that.
（3）连词that, who ,whom 后的动词要与前面被强调部分的名词或代词（即原名中的主语）的人称保持一致。
（4）强调句型中的时态一般只用两种，即一般现在时和一般过去时，若原句的动词为一般过去时、过去完成时及过去进行时，就用It was + 被强调的部分+that+原句剩余部分。若原句的动词是其他时态时，使用it is + 被强调的部分+that+原句剩余部分。
（5）此句型可以用来强调目的状语、方式状语以及because 引导的原因状语。不能强调以as, since引导的原因状语及although 引导的让步状语从句。通常不强调系动词be的的表语，但有时可以强调其他系动词后的表语。如：
It is for helping the people in disaster area that Meimei has contributed her money given to her as lunar New Year gift.
梅梅是为了帮助灾区人们而捐献出她的压岁钱。
It is was because he didn’t pass the exam that his father gave him a good beating .
是因为考试不及格他爸爸把他痛打一顿。
It is a novelist that he has become .他已经成了小说家。
（6）可以强调以not…until…引导的时间状语
我们用“It was (is) not until + 被强调的部分 + that + 原句剩余部分”句型表示“是直到……才……”。如：
He and the other doctors did not leave until the operation was over.他和其他医生等手术做完后才离开。
=It was not until the operation was over that he and the other doctors left.
注：在强调句型中只用until，不用till，由于that前已有否定词not，故that 后的句子用肯定式。如：
I won’t believe you until I’ve seen you in the jar with my own eyes.直到我亲眼看你在坛子里，我才相信你的话。
=It is not until I’ve seen you in the jar with my own eyes that I will believe you.
也可以用下面的倒装句型来强调以not until引导的时间状语：Not until +时间状语（或人句）+助动词did +主谓。如：
Jack’s father didn’t buy him a computer until he went to college.直到杰克上大学爸爸才给他买了台计算机。
=It was not until he went to college that Jack’s father bought him a computer.
=Until he went to college did Jack’s father buy him a computer.
3．强调句型的判断
虽然，“It is +被强调部分 + that +原句剩余部分”从形式上与“It is +表语+that+从句“的名词性从句相似，但其结构不一样。在后面的名词性从句中，句子成分完整，而在强调句型中，that后面的句子成分不完整，所缺部分正是that前被强调的部分。依此，只要将两句型中that 前的表语部分置入that后的句中，若能构成一个完整无误的句子，便是强调句型，否则为名词性从句。
4．也可以将两句型中的It is(was)及that 全部省去，若剩余的部分可以组成一个完整的句子，便是强调句型，否则为名词性从句。如：
It was his best suit that Steven wore to the dance last night.
将his best suit置入that 之后的句中，可以组成Steven wore his best suit to the dance last night 表示“史蒂文昨晚穿着他最好的衣服跳舞。”
同样，去掉原句中的It was 及that 后剩余部分也可以组成上述句子由此得出本句强调句型。如：
It’s clear that he is round and tall like a tree. 它像一棵树一样又圆又高是显而易见的。
将clear置于that后面的句中已不成句，同样，去掉It’s 及that 后也不成句，故本句是名词性从句。
时尚口语交际
在人们的日常生活中，彼此都会表达各自的意愿和希望。下面是表达意愿和希望的英语常用结构、使用说明和例句。
1．I’m going to …表示计划、打算、准备去干某事，事先有考虑。
I’m going to see a film.我打算去看电影。
2．I will…表示愿意、自愿去干某事。
I will write a letter to a friend in Beijing.我要给我北京的朋友写封信。
3．I intend to…，I mean to…，I plan to…表示打算、计划去干某事。
I intend to visit a friend.我打算去看一位朋友。
I mean to wait.我打算等一等。
I plan to travel in Europe this summer.今年夏天我计划到欧洲旅游。
4. I’d like to…,I feel like…,I’m ready to…强调想要、乐意干某事。
I’d like=would like/feel like+ doing
I’d like to stay home doing my homework. 我想呆在家里做作业。
I feel like going out for a walk.我想出动散步。
I’m ready to visit my uncle.我准备去看望我叔叔。
5．I want to… 表意愿和欲望，语气较强烈。
I hope to…表希望做某事，语气较委婉。
I wish to…表不能达到的愿望，也指愿意做某事。
I want to go to college.我想上大学。
I hope to be a teacher.我希望当个教师。
I wish to see you. 我想看你。
6．I would rather not do…，I don’t feel like doing…当别人邀请你一道做某事而你又不太愿意时，语气较委婉。
I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。
I don’t feel like going swimming today.我今天不想去游泳。
7．I hope that…表希望实现的可能性小。
I hope that you will visit China next year.我希望你明年来访问中国。
I wish that I knew the latest news. 但愿我知道最新消息。
典型例题
【例1】我觉得难以与他相处。
误：I find to get along with him difficult.
正：I find it difficult to get along with him.
精析 find, feel, think, consider等动词的一个共同用法是：当复合宾语（宾语＋补足语）中的宾语不是名词或代词而是不定式或从句时，通常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语（不定式或从句）放在补足语的后面。
【例2】天气够暖和的，我们可以游泳了。
误：It is enough warm for us to go swimming now.
正：It is warm enough for us to go swimming now.
精析 enough做程度副词时，应位于所修饰或说明的形容词和副词之后。
【例3】快点，他们过五分钟就要出发了。
误：Hurry up!They are about to start in five minutes.
正：Hurry up! They are going to start in five minutes.
精析 be about to 表示“正准备要”，表示将来，但不能与表示将来的时间状语连用，要把be about to 改为be going to , be going to可指计划、打算做某事，可以与表示将来的时间状语连用。
【例4】你是怎样与他取得联系的？
误：How did you keep in touch with him?
正：How did you get in touch with him?
精析 在not…until结构中，主句谓语动词是非延续性动词。误句中的work是延续性动词，故应改为begin/start to work.
【例5】直到下午四点钟，它才开始工作。
误：She didn’t work until four o’clock in the afternoon.
正：She didn’t begin to work until four o’clock in the afternoon.
精析 在not …until结构中，主句谓语动词是非延续性动词。误句中的work是延续性动词，故应改为begin/start to work
【例6】她没来学校的原因是因为她生病了。
误：The reason why she didn’t come to school is because she was ill.
正：The reason why she didn’t come to school is that she was ill.
精析 the reason后的表语从句要用that引导，不能用because, because引导表语从句只用于This/That/It is because…句型中。