定语从句讲义
西安市第三中学 Dragon Thunder updated 2011-9-19
Ⅰ. Definition: a sentence, which has the function of an adjective, is used to modifying a noun or a sentence, is called an Attributive Clauses.
(一句话具备形容的作用，用于修饰限定前面的名词或句子叫 定语从句，又叫形容词性从句 ）。
Ⅱ. Introducing Words: ( Relative Words 关系词 )
1.RelativePronounswho,whom,that , which , as, than, but
2.Relative Adjectives: whose ｛of whom / of which｝
3.Relative Adverbs: when, where, why, that .
Ⅲ.Attention: 学习引导词时应注意问题：
1. 定语从句中关系词的选择与先行词无关。根据其在定语从句中所做的句子成分决定。
2.关系词在从句中做主语，宾语，介词宾语选关系代词，做状语选关系
副词。
2. 定语从句修饰限定的是人优先选用who(在从句中做主语）和whom
（在从句中做宾语）。
4.whose 表示***的，人物均可用。在从句中修饰名词做定语。
5.that ,which 常指物，在从句中做主语，宾语。但that决不可做介词
宾语。
6.When 做时间状语;where 做地点状语;why 做原因状语。
7. 关系词在定语从句中做宾语 whom, that ,which 可省略掉。
8. 遇到the same*** as ; such*** as ; as*** as. 遇到比较级用 than
Ⅳ. Examples (例句）：
1. Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends
2. The lesson that we learn from Chuck and all the others who have
unusual friends is that friends are teachers.
3. However, the number of people who learn English as a foreign
language is more than 750 million.
4. Dolphins are not only beautiful and friendly ,but they also seem to bring joy to anyone who comes near them.
5. You may know that a pen friend, or a pen pal ,is someone whom you write
letters to.
6. The family whom I am staying with lives in the town.
7. He is a man whom you can safely depend on.
8. The boy whom we saw yesterday was John’s brother.
9. The girl whose left leg was broken in the earthquake was taken to the hospital.
10. There are twenty students in our class whose homes are in the countryside.
11. The house whose doors and windows face the south is Professor Zhang’s.
12. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet ,started crying.
13. Imagine that four people are in an airplane that is going to crash
14. Is there anything that isn’t clear to you.
15. Do you know any other words that were borrowed from other languages.
16. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams.
17. The basic equipment that you need for hiking is simple: good shoes and clothes.
18. Eco-travel is a form of travel that combines normal tourism with learning.
19. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew into a terrible roar.
20. Now, the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than ever ,was above her knees.
21. In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a shot film which he made when he was 15.
22. Jurassic Park, which Spielberg made in 1993, is about a park where a very rich man keeps different kinds of dinosaurs.
23. After graduation, she went to New York, where she started working as an actress and won the Theatre World Award for her role in a play.
24. Yesterday we visited the factory where my father used to work ten years ago.
25. The first of September is the day when the school year starts
26. This was the moment when Spielberg’s career really took off.
27. I have no spare time in the office until 6.pm, when the others have gone home.
28. Gone are the days when teachers were looked down upon.
Ⅴ.Difficult Points and Typical Examples: （难点及典型例句）
1.关系词的选择由其在从句部分所做的句子成分决定。
①. I will never forget days that we spent together on the state-owned farm.
Do you still remember the days and years when worked and studied in Xi’an Normal University.
②. That is just the factory that we want to visit very much.
The school where I used to work five years ago is now a key school.
③ . The reason that he gave us yesterday was unaccepted.
The reason why he was against our plans was not clear.
2.非限定性定语从句表示物不可用that 其余照常使用。
①.Tree after tree went down , was cut down by water, which must have been three meters deep.
②. He told me that I could go on a two- day trip to Leshan and Emei, which was not too expensive.
③. Jurassic Park, which Spielberg made in 1993, is about a park where a very rich man keeps different kinds of dinosaurs
④. Betty, who has never been abroad ,is studying English very well.
⑤. He was born in October the first 1949, when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
⑥. Last summer I showed our foreign teacher around the city of Beijing, where there are so many places of interest that he was greatly touched.
3. 定语从句中关系词前原来有介词，该介词可与关系词一起提前引导定语从句，但一些固定句型中介词不得提前。
①. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they
②. Is this the restaurant in which you work?
③. Are the days in which you study in this school happy ?
④. No one can forget the day of May the Fourth 1919, on which the May Fourth Movement took place.
⑤. The reason for which Peter is so happy is that he passed the exams.
⑥. The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms.
⑦. The girl with whom you talked at the meeting is a college student.
⑧. The book of which I heard was written by Lusun forty years ago.
⑨. Water is a matter without which the living things can not live.
⑩. There are 47 students in our class, all of whom study very hard in maths.
⑾. They live in a house ,the door of which opens to the south
⑿. China has thousands of islands , the largest of which is Taiwan.
⒀. The workers, some of whom have already stayed in our company for four years come from different countries.
⒁. The citizens, most of whom were workers , welcomed the new comers .
4.The reason 后跟定语从句表原因用why /for which 有is用that引导的表语从句。
①. The reason why he was late was that he got caught in the traffic jam.
②. The reason for which he gave up English was that he did not have much interest in it.
③. The reason for which we have to put off the meeting is that most of the doctors will be doing a very important operation on a patient.
5.当定语从句修饰人时优先选用who/ whom 当先行词为one, those, someone , anyone, everyone no one somebody ,nobody 等 常用who/whom.
①.Those who want to visit the exhibition hand in you the money to me.
②. Anyone who has eyes on his head can see it clearly.
③. He Who has an art has everywhere a part. （手艺在手走遍天下）
④.Those who laugh the last will laugh the best.
6. 只用 that 的情况:当先行词为something, anything, everything, nothing
时 用 that ;当先行词前有 all, only,any, very, just, little, last; 序数词；形容词最高级；人，物共被修饰；what, which, who 等 只用that.
①.They are talking of the things and persons that they could remember in their middle school.
②.All that glitters is not gold. (所有发光的不一定都是金子）
③.You told me to take anything that I liked that evening .
④.There is nothing in the world that can frighten me.
⑤.The first request that was made by them was to ask the King for freedom.
⑥.This is one of the most interesting films that have ever been shown in the cinema.
⑦.Who is the man that is standing at the gate of our school?
⑧.The book contains little that is useful .
⑨.Corn was not the only food that was taken to Europe from American.
⑩.Is oxygen the only gas that helps fire burn?
7.遇到as***; such***; the same***; not so*** 用 as.
①.You have also made the same foolish mistake as I did.
②.Can you write the same good article as Mao Zedong ?
③.He is not such a teacher as you say.
④.Jack is as clever a boy as his brother is.
⑤.Mary is not so beautiful a girl as you described .
⑥.He ate as much fruit as I did yesterday.
⑦.There are as many books in our library as there are in theirs.
8. 关系词在定语从句中做主语时，从句部分谓语动词的单复数形由先行词决定。
①. I, who am your English teacher, will try my best to help you.
②. Those who laugh the last will laugh the best.
③. He who has an art has everywhere a part.
④. Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who are working in China.
⑤. He is the only one of the boys in his class who plays the piano well.
Ⅵ．As、but和than通常都是以介词、连词等身份被大家所熟知，而它们居然可以摇身一变成为关系代词，在定语从句中做主语和宾语。
1. As最基本的用法是做连词“与一样”表示同级的比较，介词“作为”。下面是它特殊的用法，例句：
⑴. He does not possess such qualifications as are necessary to be an actor.
他并不具备一名演员应有的资格。
⑵. She bought the same skirt as I had bought last week, so I need to talk to her about it so that we don't wear them the same at the same time.
⑶. The murderer who had killed several people on the campus was finally arrested by the police, as was expected.
⑷. He is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。
⑸. Don’t read such books as are not worth reading．不要读那些不值得读的书
⑹. Taiwan，as we all know，is an inseparable part of China．
⑺. As we all know，Taiwan is an inseparable part of China．
2. but做定语从句中的关系代词。例句：
⑴.There is no man but makes mistakes. 没有任何人能够不犯错误。
⑵. There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
⑶. There was no one present but knew the story already．在场的人都知道这个故事。
⑷.There is no one but likes to be praised．⑸.There is no one of us but wishes to visit Guilin．
⑹. There is no man but feels pity for those starving children．
⑺.There is no one in our class but wants to help you．
⑻. There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war．
⑼.There is no rule in English but has exceptions.英语中没有无例外的规则。
⑽.There is no old habit but may be cured by a strong will-power.
通过强大的意志力没有改不了的旧习惯。
⑾. With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no complicated problem but can be
solved in a few hours.由于引进了电子计算机，没有在几小时内解
3. than也可以用在定语从句中。例句：
⑴. Parents had better not give kids more money than is needed.
父母最好别给孩子们太多的钱，够用就可以了.
⑵. Don't order more food than can be finished. 别点太多吃的，会吃不完的。
⑶. He got more pocket money from his parents than was demanded.
⑷. The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult
⑸.He smoked more (fewer) cigarettes than (he bought.) were normally available.
⑹. We often advise him not to drink more wine than is good for his health.
⑺. He got more pocket money from his parents than was demanded．
⑻. The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult．
⑼. Parents had better not give kids more money than is needed.
⑽. Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party
Ⅶ. that作为关系副词的用法
1. Way 后要用 that 关系副词 ( 省略）或 in which 引导。
①.Swimming with dolphins changed the way that / in which I think about myself.
②. Can you tell me the way that you worked out the problem.
③. There is no way that you can bring back you lost cell phone.
④.I don’t like the way （that /in which）he looks at me.
※ The reason that he gave was unbelievable.
2. in case that 、for fear that、 on condition that
①. You can go swimming in that river on condition that you don’t go too far away from the seaside.
②. I’ll lend you the money on condition that you must pay me back within three months.
③.In case that he comes, please let me know
④. Take John’s address with you in case that you have time to see him when you are in London.
⑤. Take notes while listening in case that you may forget what the teachers teach.
4. the moment that; the instant that; the minute that ; the second that
every time that; each time that; by the time that;
the first time that; the second time that; the next time that; the last time that
①. I’ll call you the moment that I get off the plane in London.
②. The thief ran away the instant he saw a policeman.
③. Every time that I see him, he is busy doing his lessons.
④. The first time that I saw her, she was a beautiful girl.
⑤. The next time that you come here, you can bring your wife and children along.
⑥. By the time that he was fourteen, Einstein had already learned advanced mathematics.
⑦. He told us to keep quiet for fear that we might disturb others.
⑧. we spoke in whispers for fear of waking the baby/for fear (that) we might wake the baby.\
Ⅷ. 连接性定语从句
1. 概念：用来解释说明，修饰限定一句话的定语从句叫连接性定语从句。
2. 引导词：只有关系代词which和as. which常译为 “这…..”; as 常译为 “正如。。。”，在定语从句中做主语，宾语或介词宾语。
3. 例句:
①. The old lady has three children, none of whom treat her well, which always makes her sad
②. The meeting is put off till Friday, which is just what we want.
③ After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling, which turned out to be a wise decision．
④. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to
keep it running, which meant spending tens of thousands of pounds.
⑤ They won the match in our school, which meant they would take part in the national competition for our school.
⑥. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the film, which, of course, made the others unhappy.
⑦. As is known to all, Einstein is a famous physicist.
⑧. As we have seen, water covers 70% of the surface of the earth.
⑨. Doctor Zhang gave us a very wonderful speech, as we all had expected.
⑩. As is often the case, we have worked out the plan in time.
⑾. As is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.
⑿. As has been announced, we shall have our final exams ne