HOW TO WRITE A GOOD ESSAY
沈 永 铭
一、浙江省会考各种命题形式分析
三种命题类型（Three Types）
1. 中英文提示（Chinese or English clues）
2. 图表（chart）
3. 开放式或半开放式命题
提示：
重视图文和图表类的审要点训练
启发学生对开放式表达的思路
二、1、WHAT TO WRITE？
。审题（analyse）
。明确任务（task）
。决定要点（main ideas）
2、HOW TＯWRITE？
。明白要点（find out）
。提炼要点（ ensure）
。扩充细节（enlarge）
。组织语篇 (organize)
。检查语句（Check）
三、写议论文时，常采用三段式的谋篇方式。
第一段往往说明话题,可以适当延伸。（topic）
第二段分析造成这一问题或趋势的原因或利弊。（reasons/causes/advantages/disadvantages）
第三段提出解决问题的办法或结论。（measures，advice or conclusion）
Vocabullary：开头句式-点明主题常用词：Recently our class have a debate/discussion/survey/ about whether it is right/necessary for us to do sth.
数据比较、分析差异、描写变化、支持主题常用词：
。增加-- grow, rise, increase, raise, go up …
。减少--fall, drop, reduce, decrease, go down…
。but, while, however, on the contrary(转折关系）
。compared with/to, in contrast（对比关系）
。as… as, the same as， similar to（类似关系）
。different from, among, between...（不同关系）
结尾句式：归纳总结、发表看法常见词语：In a word, In short, In conclusion,
Generally speaking, To my knowledge,
As far as I’m concerned,
As we all know，
We can learn from….
We can draw the conclusion that… .
It’s clear from the chart that …. .
四、议论文写作应考虑的几点（Considerations）：
1. 文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句(topic）, 阐明观点或看法。 （A clear topic）
2. 使用连接词, 分层次说明理由、缘由（supporting sentences）。
3. 归纳总结，首尾呼应。（Conclusion）
4、在议论文中为了使句子结构清晰、要点明确、可以使用以下的几组词汇：
。First(ly),...., Second(ly), ....Third(ly), ...Lastly/Finally, ...
。On one hand, ......On the other hand,...
。.First,...Besides,...Also,....
。For one thing,.....For another,....
五、半开放式书面表达：关键在于适度拓展.
按照提示，谈谈阅读的好处：
1）阅读对人有很大好处；
2）读书给我们带来很大乐趣；
3）书是我们最好的朋友。
Reading does a lot of good to human beings.
We can enjoy the great pleasures that reading gives us.
Books are our best friends.
按照提示，先写出文章主题句，并将文章完成，加上拓展的句子和连接词， 使上下文连贯、自然。谈谈阅读的好处：
1）阅读对人有很大好处；
2）读书给我们带来很大乐趣；
3）书是我们最好的朋友。
Reading does a lot of good to human beings. …
We can enjoy the great pleasures that reading gives us.
For one thing,, reading can enrich our knowledge and widen our eyesight.
Besides, we can share the the writer’s ideas and communicate with him who lived long ago.
For another thing,, we can talk about the book that we have read. This helps us make friends with other people.
Books are our best friends….
范文：
Reading does a lot of good to human beings. Many people like reading books in their spare time. It has become part of their lives.
On the one hand,,reading can enrich our knowledge and widen our eyesight. When we read at home we can travel around the world and understand the things around us clearly. Meanwhile, we can share the writer’s ideas and communicate with him who lived long ago. On the other hand, we can talk about the book that we have read. This helps us make friends with other people. Therefore, those who can enjoy books can get much happiness from books.
Generally speaking, books are our best friends. Reading good books should become our life-long hobby.
六、月考作文范例:广告的利弊
Group A：1）虚假广告太多，坑害消费者2）占用报纸太多的版面，浪费纸张；
3）占用电视、广播太多的时间 4）应该被取缔。
Group B：1）广告能指导消费， 使消费者了解商品； 2）广告能给人以艺术的享受；
3）但光该太多会使人心烦； 4）应当适当发展广告，提高广告质量。
Assessment Principles:首先根据,文章内容、语言、逻辑、连接、字数等整体印象(global impression)确定所属档次 ；然后根据该档次的要求进行衡量和比较；最后在该档次的5分内给出相对准确的分数。
Common Mistakes in Writing
1. 散乱型-不着边际胡乱写(order)
2.逻辑混乱型-多出现在语句或情节描绘中(logic )
3. 语法不通型-出现在语句中(grammar)
4. 误用词语型-语句中用词错误(drill)
5. 粗心大意型-不认真阅读提示，或错写内容或丢三落四;(careless)
6. 喧宾夺主型-不分主次, 丢掉主要内容,而将非主要内容大写特写.(key point)
Student Example:How about this essay?
Where are the problems?
I think advertising can help people to know about things, can give people some artic feels. But there are too much bad advertising on TV. They are not only boring but also dirty.It makes little people like to see advertising.2008 is a important year, in olympic Games year,we can’t let those in our society. So our advice is please give us a cleaner world.
My assessment
1、Bad paragraphs
2、 Bad structure.
3、No connections.
4、Lack main points.
My points：8
Good Example
With the development of advertising, ads have been connected with people’s lfe. Is it good or bad? We had a discussion.
Some people think ads don’t tell the facts about the advertised products. Aslo, they take up too much time on TV and the radio, and covers too much space in newspapers and magazines, which wastes a lot of paper. What’s worse, there are some false ads that cheat people into buying their
products.Therefore, they believe ads should be stopped.
Some other people think ads can help us make better choices about what to buy by offering us the latest information about various goods. Morever, many well-done ads are popular and entertaining, which appeal to the consumers. However, too many ads can be annoying. Therefore, we should develop advertising properly and improve the quality of ads.
In my opinion, I prefer the view of Group A/B because ……
七、Writing Practice
假如你叫王芳。昨天你家人在争论是否买汽车的问题。父亲想买车， 而母亲反对。你赞成父亲的观点。今天请你用英语给在国外读书的同学方琴发一封电子邮件， 客观地介绍你父母亲的观点， 并征求对方的意见。
注意：1、邮件的开头和结尾已经给出， 不计如词数；
2、词数80个左右；
3、以下是你父母亲的观点：FATHER’S VIEW
。。。able to afford a car
。。。to be convenient
。。。easy to take weekend tours
MOTHER’S VIEW
。。。too expensive to use a car
。。。not easy to park
。。。heavy traffic
Dear Fang Qin,
I’m writing to ask you about your view on buying a car. Yesterday, my family were discussing whether to buy a car or not……
With my best wishes,
Yours,
Wang Fang
One Example
Dear Fang Qin,
I’m writing to ask you about your view on buying a car. Yesterday, my family were discussing whether to buy one or not. Their views are different.
Father thinks that we can afford to buy a car now. With the car, life would be very convenient, and it’s easy for us to go on tours at weekends.
However,Mother doesn’t agree. She insists it’s too expensive to use a car. Besides, the traffic is very heavy nowadays. Also , parking remains a big problem.
I agree with Father. I really would like to get your advice on how to persuade Mother.
(84words)
Yours,
Wang Fang
作文中发现的问题
1、格式错误：Dear Fang Qin, Yours,
Wang Fang
2、句子结构：My mother against it.
3、语意重叠：
In my opinion， I agree with Father.
4、连词错误：
On the one hand,….On the other hand
5、句型错误：
The car is convenient for us to trvel everywhere.
6、词性错误:
With the car, we can travel to anywhere.
八、Summary for Writing
1 细读提示--明白写什么，分几段， 做到层次分明(what to write)
2 写全要点--了解核心内容，非重要情节，议论文或说明文应认真分析判断才能分清主次。内容一个都不能少！(main ideas or important ideas)
3 卷面干净--事先打草稿然后誊改是使文章通畅的关键。整齐的卷面不一定得高分； 不整齐的卷面绝对不可能得高分！(global impression)
4 书写认真--不求文字隽秀,力保规范工整，这是留下好印象的起码条件。(clean handwriting)
5 层次分明--为使短文令人感到赏心悦目,分成3段甚至4段为好。(clear paragraphs)
6 承上启下--简而言之是连接词、过渡句.他们是组成文章粘和剂，上下沟通的纽带。(natural connection)
7 繁简有度--文章总有详写与略写，尤其是 议论文，学会筛选是非常必要的.如其不然，事无巨细全部点到，不仅使文章成了流水帐，而且空耗了时间还使文章显得冗赘,若再因超长而被扣分岂不得不偿失？！(proper length)
8 亮点突出--较高级词汇和较复杂的语法结构的合理适时使用，这最能影响或打动改卷教师，是求得高档次及该档次高端分 值的保证.（倒装句、状语从句、非谓语动词、定语从句）(bright points)
1.Finish the writing task and hand it in tomorrow.
2.Correct your mistakes in the monthly tests.
Of course, you may ask your teacher for help if necessary.
3.Leran all the new words and useful expressions in Unit 13 Book One by heart.
九、教学反思
这是一堂高三会考复习公开课。我的主要设计思路是：先整体指导，讲名基本的议论文的技巧和方法；接着从半开放式作文作为引子，适当铺垫；随后对刚考完的月考作文进行实例分析，让学生对照评分原则试着评分。我认为，只有让学生了解老师是怎么评分的方式才是让他们明确写作的正确方式的有效途径！通过对比和分析让学生不仅学会了写作。同时还学会了正确的评价方式。最后的写作实践，使得学生学以致用， 再通过实例分析让学生明白怎样的作文才是好作文！最后环境的总结主要起到提纲契领的作用！