定语从句讲与练
一、定语的概念：
定语是用来修饰名次或代词的。比如：
(先试试用横线划出下面短语中的定语，然后在后面的括号里注明是什么在作定语)
a beautiful girl （ ） three boys （ ） a shoe factory （ ）
Jim’s father ( ) our teacher ( )
the man in the car （ ） the man standing at the door （ ）
the man who is talking with Sam （ ）
二、定语从句的概念及主要特征：
1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
请划出下列句子中的定语从句、先行词及关系代词：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
2. 定语从句的主要特征：
（1）先行词要在从句中充当一定的成分；
（2）what永远不能引导定语从句；
（3）翻译时先译从句，翻译成“…….的”
三、定语从句的基本用法：
（一）关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语，有时也作宾语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
分析：先行词the boys 在从句中作主语。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
You needn’t talk to the people who you don’t like talking to.
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车 上谈论的那个人。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 译成汉语：_________________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
I lost the book whose cover was blue. 我把那本封面是蓝色的书弄丢了。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
We live in a house whose windows face the south. 译成汉语:_________________________
注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
＝The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
＝Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
自己总结一下：在定语从句中，whose + 名词＝ ___________________________
4．which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 译成汉语:____________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 译成汉语：___________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
5．that 引导定语从句时，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The person that / / you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。
The season that / comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that /_______ came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。
(二) 关系副词引导的定语从句
1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。常可以用in/on/at which代替。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学 校的那一天。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
把这个句子改成两个简单句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？
把这个句子改成两个简单句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
2． where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。常可用in/on/at which代替。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
把这个句子改成两个简单句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。
把这个句子改成两个简单句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
注意：当先行词是situation, occasion, point时，且又在从句中作状语时，常用where来引导定语从句。
Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed（尴尬）.
He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.
3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。常可用for which来代替。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 译成汉语：____________________
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：
From the years when (=______________) he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。
I will never forget the moment when (=______________) the blind students moved us.
Great changes are taking place in the city where (=______________) they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why (=______________) he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
注意：在非限制性定语从句中，有时which所指代的先行词是前面的整个句子。
Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her.
He didn’t pass the exam, which surprised us.
五．定语从句考查重点：
（一）定语从句在下列情况下只能用that，而不能用which指物。（指人时可以用who/whom）
最 不 序 正是 疑 表 人物
1. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
2. 当先行词是不定代词everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。
3. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
4. 当先行词被表示“正是”的the very, the only修饰时。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
6. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时：
Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.
China is no longer the country that it used to be.
7. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。
思考：什么时候只能which 而不能用that呢？1.在___________中；2.在____________之后。
（二）关系代词的省略：
The factory we visited yesterday was really old. (请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置)
The man you just talked to was my English teacher. (请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置)
当关系代词在从句中作_________时可以省略。
（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
＝The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
＝This is the boy________________I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
＝We’ll go to hear the famous singer ________________we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
＝The manager ________________ I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
注意：１． 含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of, give up等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）
２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)
３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有４０个学生，大多数来自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了１０部小说，其中３部是关于农村生活的。
（四）当先行词被one of修饰时，若one of前有the only，则从句的谓语动词用单数，没有only的话则用复数。
He is one of the students who ________ never late. 译成汉语：________________________
He is the only one of the students who ________ never late. 译成汉语：_________________
（五）先行词是时间却不用when引导，先行词是地点却不用where引导，先行词是原因却不用why引导。
I will never forget the days ________ we climbed the mountain together.
I will never forget the days ________ we spent together.
We visited the house _______ Lu Xun used to live.
We visited the house _______ Lu Xun used to live in.
This is the reason _______ he was unhappy.
This is the reason _______ he explained to me.
（六）当先行词被such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
（七）以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：
The way ________he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
I don’t like the way______________ you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。
Test yourself:
1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course, made the others unhappy.
A. which B. who C. this D. what
2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
3. The gentleman you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom
4. Please take any seat is free.
A. which B. where C. in which D. that
5. The old man has two sons, is a soldier.
A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them
6. This is the ship we crossed the Pacific(太平洋).
A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which
7. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大楼)， has more than 100 storeys.
A. the higher of them B. the highest of which
C. the highest of them D. some of which
8. My home village is no longer the same it used to be.
A. which B. as C. where D. when
9. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., many people have gone home.
A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time
10. The boy composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.
A. who B. whose C. that D. which
11. The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
12. Mr. Wang is a boss, factory Li Ping worked.
A. in whose B. whose C. in whom D. of which
13. I don't like the way you speak to her.
A. / B. that C. in which D. All A, B, and C
14. I shall never forget the years I lived in the country with the farmers, has a good effect on my life.
A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who
15. is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30year’stime.
A. What B. That C. As D. It
16. Is this book you want to borrow from the library?
A. that B. which C. the one D. /
17. Such a book you showed me is difficult to understand.
A. that B. which C. as D. like
18. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books were popular then.
A. / B. that C. which D. who
19. This is the store we visited the famous shop assistants.
A. where B. there C. that D. which
20. I’m going to spend my holiday in Beijing, live my old parents.
A. which B. that C. where D. there
练习答案：
1---5 ADBDA 6---10 DBBDB 11---15 BADBC 16---20 CCBAC
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