V-ing 的 四 种 时 间 关 系
Ⅰ.表示先于谓语动词的动作。
1． V-ing用作时间状语、原因状语方式状语、让步状语时，常用一般体代替完成体，表示一个发生在谓语动词之前的动作。只有终止性动词才有这种用法。
1).Fleeing/having fled Germany, Einstein went first to France…
爱因斯坦逃出德国之后，先到了法国……
2).The revolutionaries sentenced him to death , discovering / having discovered that he was an enemy of the state.
革命者发现了他是这个州的敌人之后，就给他判了死刑。
注：如果是延续性动词，须用完成体。
The poor of the cities, having lived such a hard life for so long , took up their guns and knives to kill the nobles.
城市贫民由于长期以来过着非常艰苦的生活拿起刀枪开始杀起富有的贵族们。
考题：
(1)._______what to do , he asked his teacher for help. [A]
A. Not knowing B. Having not known C. Being not known D. not to know
(2)._____ here for three years , he wasn’t familiar with everyone [B]
A. working B. having worked C. worked D. being worked
(3).______ the news , she couldn’t help crying. [B / C]
A. heard B. hearing C. having heard D. being heard
2.V-ing在remember ,forget ,regret 以及apologize for , excuse…for , thank…for , sorry …for等之后作宾语时，可用一般体代替完成体，表示一个发生在谓语动词之前的动作。
1).I remember posting /having posted the letter.我记得把那封信寄过了。
2).Thank you for giving /having given us so much help
谢谢你给了我们这么多的帮助。
考题：
---I must apologize for ______ ahead of time. （MET94）
---It doesn’t matter.
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. not letting you to know D. letting you not to know. [B]
Do you remember ______ me at a party last year? (84)
A. meet B. to meet C. meeting D. met [C]
Ⅱ.表示后于谓语动词的动作。
V-ing作结果状语时[只能是终止动词，其前常加thus , only , thereby],表示一个发生在谓语动词之后的动作。
1.His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母去世了，结果使他成为孤儿。
2.The thief stole into the house , only being caught by the people there.
那小偷溜进房间，结果被那里人抓住了。
考题：
He opened fire, killing twenty enemies.[B]
A. to kill B. killing C. kill D. killed
Ⅲ.表示与谓语动词同时发生。
1.V-ing作伴随状语、方式状语、时间状语时常表示一个与谓语动词同时发生的动作。并且常用延续性动词的一般式。
1).They stood there, waiting for a bus.[表示伴随]
他们站在那儿等公共汽车。
2).They sat facing each other.[表示方式] 他们面对面地坐着。
3).[While]Burning , oil gives heat and light.[表示时间]
油在燃烧时，发出光和热。
考题：
(1)._____ here in time , they came _____ all the way.[B]
A. getting ; running B. To get ; running
C. To get ; to run D. Getting ; to run
(2).I walked as fast as I could , _____ to catch the first bus.[C]
A. hoped B. to hope C. hoping D. being hoped
(3).The secretary worked late into the night, _______ a long speech for the president. (MET91)
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing [B]
2.V-ing在see , notice , find , look at , catch sight of ,listen to , hear, feel , smell等感官动词之后作宾语补足语时，表明与谓语动词同时发生，且强调动作正在进行。
1).When I entered the room , I found them reading.
当我走进房间时，我发现他们正在读书。
2).I felt the wind getting stronger.
我感觉到风刮得更大了。
3.V-ing 在let , have , make , leave, get , keep后作宾语补足语时表示一个从过去到说话时一直进行的动作。
Don’t let him waiting outside. 不要让他在外边一直等着。
(1).---There is something wrong with the chair.[B]
---Yes , I can ______
A.feel it to move B. feel it moving
C.feel it that it is moving D. find it moved
(2).It was so cold that they kept fire ______ all night.[C]
A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned
Ⅳ. 表示一个经常性的动作或当时的状态。
V-ing用作定语可以表示一个表示经常性的动作或当时的状态。
1.He lives in a house facing (=that faces) south.
他住在一个门朝南开的房子里。
2.Last year we had a holiday lasting (=that lasted) 50 days
去年我们度过了一个持续50天的假期。
3.People wishing (=who wished) to see the film had waited for twenty minutes. 想要看着部影片的人们在外面等已等了20分钟。
注：V-ing 的完成体不能作定语，通常用一个从句来表达完成的动作。
The teacher scolded the student who had broken the window.
[不用having broken]
老师责备了那个把窗户打破的学生
The man who has graduated from Beijing University will teach us English.
[不用having graduated]
责任编辑：李芳芳