中考复习系列一 词汇
一、中考对词汇的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：
1、能正确拼写大纲词汇表中的常用单词；
2、掌握大纲词汇表中所列全部单词的词文，并了解其词类（词性）；
3、了解构词法的基本知识，并根据此知识判断常用词的合成词与派生词的词义和词类，例如：drive – driver, use – useful；
4、正确理解现行教材课文中出现过的短语与习语；正确使用及辨析其中比较常见的短语和习语；
5、理解词类转化，例如：water (n.) – water (v.)
二、词汇考查点分项说明：
1、掌握大纲词汇表，了解词类
1）大纲词汇表中所列的词汇基本上为1至6册课本中所列的四会单词（即书后单词表中不带任何符号的单词）。要求同学们把所列单词的词义完全掌握。在此基础上，了解其词类（词性）。尤其注意要在情景中运用该词，而不是孤立地去记忆某个单词。
2） 针对大纲词汇表中的常用单词，一定要能做到正确拼写。该项知识常以单词拼写的形式来考查学生，但一般无难题，基本属于送分题。出题范围主要是大纲中的一、二级词汇，也有可能出现非大纲词汇，但一般为常用词汇，尽管不在大纲中出现，却通常在课文中出现过。
请看以下几道例题：
1. Shanghai is a large c t in China.
2. Adam often helps me a lot. He is my best f nd.
3. I can’t carry the box. It’s too h v .
4. The man is very poor. He had no m n to buy food.
5. ---How often do you play football?
--- Tw a week.
6. My grandparents like growing flowers. They w t the flowers everyday.
7. Summer is the hottest s son in the year.
8. --- Can you sp the word?
--- Yes. T-A-B-L-E, table.
9. He was so excited that he couldn’t f l asleep last night.
10. Everyone had a good time at the party. It was a p_ _ _ s _ _ _ evening.
( Key 1. city 2. friend 3. heavy 4. money 5. twice 6. water 7. season 8. spell 9. fall 10. pleasant )
3） 了解英文的词类：
英语中的单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征所作的分类。共有十类：名词、代词、数词、冠词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词、感叹词。
词类 英语名称（简称） 意 义 例 词
名词 Nouns (n.) 表示人、事物时间、地点或抽象概念的名称 John
room
冠词 Articles (art.) 用于名词之前，帮助说明名词的含义 a an
the
数词 Numerals (num.) 表示数量或顺序 nine
first
代词 Pronouns (pron.) 代替名词、数词以避免重复 them
everything
形容词 Adjectives (adj.) 表示人或事物的属性或特征 good
interesting
副词 Adverbs (adv.) 修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或全句，表示行为特征或性状特征 almost
bravely
动词 Verbs (v.) 表示动作、状态或性质 stand
be
介词 Prepositions (prep.) 用于名词或代词之前，表示名词、代词与其它词之间的关系 near
from
连词 Conjunction (conj.) 连接单词、短语、从句或句子 and
but
感叹词 Interjection(interj.) 表示说话时的语气或感情 hello
oh
在上述的十大词类中，名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词等具有明确的意义，可以在句中独立充当句子成分，称为实义词。介词、连词和冠词只能起联系或辅助的作用，都不在句子中担任任何成分，称为虚词。感叹词一般不构成句子的一部分，通常作独立成分。
2、了解构词法的基本知识
在英语中，一个单词往往与其它词在结构上有联系，把这些联系的规律总结出来就是构词法。构词的方法主要有派生、转化和合成等三种。
1) 派生法
在一个单词前或词尾加上一个词缀，从而变成一个新词的方法叫做派生法。加在单词前的词缀叫前缀，加在单词后的词缀叫后缀。
1．常用前缀
前缀 意义 例词
un- 不 unknown未知的
unhappy不高兴的
dis- 不，否定 dislike不喜欢 discover发现
re- 再，重复 retell复述
mid- 中 mid-night半夜 mid-term期中
mis- 误会 misunderstand误会
bi- 双 bicycle自行车
il- 不，非 illegal非法的
in- 不，非 informal非正式的
im- 不，非 impossible不可能的
ir- 不，非 irregular不规则的
inter- 间，相互 international国际的
tele- 远 telephone电话
2．常用后缀
后缀 意义 例词
-er 动作者，人 teacher教师
-or 动作者，人 visitor参观
-ian 人 musician音乐家
-ess 女性 actress女演员
-ese 人，语言 Chinese中国人，汉语
-ese (地方、人)的 Japanese日本（人）的
-hood 身份、状态 childhood童年
-ity （抽象名词） ability能力
-th 过程，结果 death死亡
-ness 状态、性质 happiness快乐
-ship 状态、身份 friendship友谊
-tion 动作、状态 action行为
-ure 动作、结果 pleasure快乐
-an （地方、人）的 Canadian加拿大人（的）
-ed 有，像 talented有才华的
-en …的 wooden木制的
-ern (表示方向) southern南方的
-ful 充满 meaningful有意义的
-less 不、无 useless没用的
-ly …地 carefully细心地
-en 使…变得 weaken削弱、（使）变弱
-fy 使…化 satisfy（使）满意
-ize,-ise 使…化 modernize（使）现代化
-teen 十几 thirteen十三
-ty 几十 thirty三十
-th 第… ninth第九
（二）转化法
转化法是指基本不改变单词的词形，而将其转用为另一词类词。单词转化后的意义常与转化前的意义有密切的联系。
May I have a look ? 我可以看一看吗？（动词转化为名词）
Let him have a try. 让他试试。（动词转化为名词）
Can we book the tickets ahead? 我们能提前定票吗？（名词转化为动词）
The hall can seat thousands of people. 大厅能坐数千人。（名词转化为动词）
She had to busy herself with housework. 她不得不忙于家务活。（形容词转化成动词）
You’d better empty the bottle first. 你最好把瓶子先倒空。（名词转化为动词）
It’s necessary to know the difference between right and wrong.
有必要知道对错之间的区别。（形容词转化成名词）
They often help the poor.
他们经常帮助穷人。（形容词转化成名词）
We began to drive north.
我们开始向北行驶。 （名词转化成副词）
There were lots of ups and downs in his life.
他的一生中有许多的起起落落。 （副词转化成名词）
（三）合成法
把两个或两个以上的单词合成为一个单词，这种构词法成为合成法。
1．合成形容词
He is a white-collar clerk. 他是一名白领职员。
He is an open-minded leader. 他是一名思想开明的领导。
What a kind-hearted girl! 多幺好心的女孩！
This is a good-looking a table. 这是一张好看的桌子。
Taking a taxi is time-saving. 乘坐出租车很省时。
He has heard the heart-breaking news. 他已经听说了这个令人心碎的消息。
It’s dangerous to walk on this ice-covered road.
行走在这条被冰覆盖的路上是很危险的。
How much is the hand-made model? 那个手工制作的模型多少钱？
Chinese people are hard-working. 中国人民是勤劳的。
2．合成名词
This is our classroom. 这是我们的教室。
Do you often play basketball? 你经常打篮球吗？
Her handwriting is much better than mine. 她的书法比我的要好得多。
The waiting-room is quite crowded. 候车室里相当拥挤。
The water in the swimming-pool is clear, like a blue mirror.
游泳池里的水很清澈，像一面镜子。
Please look at the blackboard. 请看黑板。
He plants lots of flowers in his green-house. 他在温室里种了许多花。
They are playing games on the playground. 他们在操场上做游戏。
The get-together will begin at 8:00 pm. 联欢会将于晚上八点开始。
He is my brother-in-law. 他是我的姐夫。
I’m not a good-for-nothing. 我并不是一个无用之人。
The plant is called forget-me-not. 这种植物叫含羞草。
3．合成动词
Please air-dry the paper. 请将纸风干。
He is undergoing great suffering. 他正在遭受巨大的痛楚.。
It’s hard to white-wash the huge wall. 粉刷这面大墙是很难的。
The man was blacklisted. 这个人被列入了黑名单。
4．合成副词
She lives downstairs. 她住在楼下。
If you look eastwards, you can see the sea. 如果你往东看，能够看到大海。
3、正确理解现行教材课文中出现过的短语与习语；正确使用及辨析其中比较常见的短语和习语；
1）初中阶段比较常见的短语：
同学们应该根据自己手头的现行教材，将1至6册中出现过的常见短语进行归纳总结，对于其中比较容易混淆的短语要弄清楚它们之间的区别。
2）初中阶段比较常见的习语有：
1. too… to
2. so.. that…
3. It’s time for sb. to do sth.
4. both…. and..
5. either…or…
6. neither… nor…
7. not… until…
8. not only… but also…
9. as… as…
10. not as (so)… as…
11. It takes sb. some time to do sth.
12. It’s good (bad) for…
13. as soon as
14. used to do
15. some… others…
16. be angry with…
17. be different from
18. one… the other…
19. take sb. to a place
20. Thank you for doing sth.
21. get ready to do sth.
22. …one of…
23. get on well with …
24. sb. spend… on…
25. buy… for…
26. be interested in…
27. You’d better…
28. ask sb. (not) to do sth.
29. enjoy doing
30. be good at…
4、理解词类转化
在英语中，不少词可以属于几个词类，如water( 水、浇水；名词和动词)；work（工作；动词和名词），fast（快；形容词和副词），since（自从；介词和连词）等。
三、巩固练习
① 根据句意补全单词中所缺字母，使补全后的句子通顺、合理。
l. What colour is Ann's skirt? It's r____d.
2.We often play g____mes after school.
3.Put your r____ler and your pen in the pencil-box.
4.My parents work f____ ve days a week.
5.There are a lot of cars and buses in the str____t.
6.Don't open the wind ____ . It's cold outside.
7.How do you usually go to school? By b__ k __.
8.There are a lot of flowers in the g __ d ___.
9.Winter comes after a ___ n.
10. Trees turn gr___n in spring.
11. L__sson One is easy.
12. Can you make a c__ke?
13. This box is small. Give me a b__g one.
14. A d__g is running after a cat.
15. We cl___n the classroom every day.
② 根据句子意思完成单词，单词的第一个字母已给出
1.If you are ill , you must go to h_______ .
2.We all know Beijing is the c_______ of China .
3.D________ ,25th is Christmas Day .
4.We can see s________ at night when it's fine .
5.You can come here b_______ 8:00 and 9:00 tomorrow .
6.I hope you have a good time on you j______ .
7.Could you tell me w_______ the nearest post office is ?
③ 根据句意用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
1.There are two ________in the basket. (egg)
2.This is my pencil. That one is ________. (your)
3.Who is _______, Tom, Mike or Jack ? (tall)
4.We live on the ______ floor. (twenty)
5. I can see three _______ on the desk. (pen)
6. This room is _______. It isn't yours. (our)
7. “Can I borrow your ruler?” “Certainly. Here _______ are.” (your)
8. Lin Lin is the ______ in our class. (young)
9. We live on the _______ floor. (seven)
10. Li Lei is _______ than Lin Tao. (old)
11. The Changjiang River is the _______ river in China. (long)
12.Wei Hua gave me two______ yesterday.(book)
13.That pen isn't yours. It's ______ .(her)
14.The ______ lesson is very easy.(six)
15.John is ______ than Sam.(tall)
16.Can you help ______ with my English? (I)
④ 根据汉语提示完成句子
1、我用了两个小时修车。
It _______ me two hours _______ _______ the bike.
2、直到妈妈回来时，他才完成作业。
He ______ finish his homework _______ his mother came back.
3、他和我都不是老师。
______ he _______ I am a teacher.
4、他从小就对数学感兴趣。
He became ________ in maths when he was ________.
5、你最好乘火车。
You'd _______ ______ a train.
6、是时候上车了。
It's time to ______ ______ the bus.
7、珠江是中国的第三最长的河流。
Zhujiang river is _______ _________ __________ __________ in China .
三、巩固练习参考答案
① 根据句意补全单词中所缺字母，使补全后的句子通顺、合理。
1. red 2. games 3. ruler 4. five 5. street 6. window 7. bike 8. garden 9. autumn 10. green 11. Lesson 12. cake 13. big 14. dog 15. clean
② 根据句子意思完成单词，单词的第一个字母已给出
1. hospital 2. capital 3. December 4. stars 5. between 6. journey 7. where
③ 根据句意用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
1. eggs 2. yours 3. the tallest 4. twentieth 5. pens 6. ours 7. you 8. youngest 9. seventh 10. older 11. longest 12. books 13. hers 14. sixth 15. taller 16. me
④ 根据汉语提示完成句子
1. took, to mend/ repair/ fix
2. didn’t, until
3. Neither, nor
4. interested, young
5. better take
6. get on
7. the third longest
中考复习系列二 名词、代词和冠词
一、中考对名词、代词和冠词的知识要求：
对名词的考查主要集中在：
1、正确识别可数名词和不可数名词；
2、掌握可数名词复数形式的构成；
3、正确判断某些常用名词在特定语境中的可数和不可数特征性；
4、掌握名词所有格的基本形式及一般用法。
对代词的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法；
2、掌握名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法；
3、掌握反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法；
4、掌握常见不定代词的一般用法；
5、掌握指示代词的一般用法，并了解其在上下文中的指代用法；
6、掌握疑问代词的基本用法。
中考对冠词的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握定冠词、不定冠词及零冠词的基本使用规则和常见习惯用法：
2、掌握a与an的基本用法。
二、名词考察点分项说明：
表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等名称的词，叫做名词。关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数和名词的格。
（一）名词的数
1、可数名词
1）可数名词的的复数形式
英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。表示一个人或事物用单数，表示一个以上的人或事物用复数。该词形变化分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。
名词特征 变化规则 发 音 例词
一般单词 词尾+s 清辅音后 发[s] cups, desks, gates,
元音与浊辅音后发[z] hens, bags, days
以s, sh, ch, x结尾 词尾+es 发[iz] classes, watches, boxes
以o结尾 词尾+es 发[z] tomatoes, heroes, potatoes
出现较晚的事物，词尾+s photos, radios, zoos, pianos
以辅音+y结尾 变y为i 加es 发[iz] stories, babies, cities
以元音+y结尾 词尾+s 发[z] boys, keys, days
以f或fe结尾 变f或fe为v加es 发[vz] leaves, knives, lives
例外：roofs, proofs, handkerchiefs
2）、有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，如：
变化 例词
元音发生变化 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet
tooth-teeth, mouse-mice
词尾发生变化 child-children
单、复数同形 sheep-sheep, deer-deer, fish-fish, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese--Japanese
复合词中主要词变为复数 looker-on-lookers-on, new-comer-new-comers, grand-child-grand-children
复合词中无主体词在最后，加s grown-up-grown-ups，stand-by-stand-bys
由man 或woman 构成的复合词前后两词皆变为复数 woman-teacher-women-teachers,
man-doctor-men-doctors
以 is结尾的外来词，变is为es basis-bases, crisis-crises, emphasis-emphases,
3）、常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。
4）、有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths (数学)，physics(物理)
2、不可数名词
不可数名词通常是物质名词和集合名词。物质名词无法分为个体的事物，通常不能与不定冠词连用，自身不能表示具体的数量，如water, coffee, time, money, bread, work,等；抽象名词表示的是可感觉却触摸不到的性质、动作、状态、感情等抽象的概念，如kindness。
1)、不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。
2）、常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等来修饰不可数名词。
3）、有些名词既能用作可数名词，又可作不可数名词，但意义不同
单 词 意 义
不可数名词 可数名词
dress 女服（统称） a dress 一件女服
fish 鱼肉 a fish 一条鱼
glass 玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯
tin 锡 a tin 一听罐头
paper 纸 a paper 一张报纸
（二）名词的所有格
名词的所有格表示名词的所有关系，意思为“…的”。名词所有格的构成方法是：
1、在名词后加“ 's”。如：Lily’s, Mary’s等。
2、以-s或-es 结尾的复数名词只加“’”， 如：Teachers' Day , two weeks' holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加's 。如：Children's Day。
3、表示一件东西为多人共有，只需在最后一个人的名字后加“’s”。若表示各自所有，则需在每个名字后都加“’s”，如：
Lily and Lucy’s computer. 莉莉和露茜的电脑。（两人共有），
lily’s and Lucy’s computers. 莉莉和露茜的电脑。（并不共有），
4）、名词所有格可以用来表示地点。
如：my uncle's 我叔叔家。
5）、表示无生命东西的名词所有格，一般以“of +名词”的结构来表示。如：
如：the end of the year 岁末，the colour of the flower 花的颜色
三、代词考察点分项说明：
代词是为了避免重复而用来代替该词的词。英语是一种不喜欢重复的语言，当文中第二次提到同一个名词时，一般都要用相应的代词来代替。
英语代词可分为八大类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、和连接代词八种。
（一）人称代词、物主代词和反身代词：（见下表）
人称代词 主格 I you he she it we they you
宾格 me you him her it us them you
物主代词 形容词性 my your his her its our their your
名词性 mine yours his hers its ours theirs yours
反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves themselves yourselves
1、表示“我”、“你”“他（她、它）”、“我们”、“你们”、“他（她、它）们”的词，称为人称代词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。其变化形式如下：
单 数 复 数
主 格 宾 格 主 格 宾 格
第一人称 I我 me we我们 Us
第二人称 you你 you you你们 you
第三人称 he他 him
them
she她 her
it它 it
2、表示所有关系的代词叫作物主代词，也叫代词所有格。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词；名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。
3、自身代词是表示“××自己”的代词，也称为反身代词。其形式有：
单数 复数
第一人称 myself我自己 ourselves我们自己
第二人称 yourself你自己 yourselves你们自己
第三人称 himself他自己, herself她自己, itself它自己
（二）、few, a few, little, a little的用法：
含 义 语 气 修饰或代替的名词
few 很少几个 否定 复数可数名词
a few 有几个 肯定 复数可数名词
little 很少，不多 否定 不可数名词
a little 有一点 肯定 不可数名词
（三）、常见不定代词的一般用法：
1、由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，如果有形容词修饰，该形容词必须后置。
There is nothing wrong with the radio.这收音机没有毛病。
I have something important to tell you.我有重要事情告诉你。
2、both / all / none
all的意思是“全体”，“所有”可代表或修饰三个以上的人或物;both指“两者都”; none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of。
3、every / each
every＋单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。
4、both / either / neither
both “（两者）都” ,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。
either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。
neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。
5. another / the other / the others/ others
another +单数名词, “另一个”
one … the other “一个……，另一个……”
the other +复数名词 = the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）
others “别人”
（四）指示代词的一般用法：
表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等，指示意义的代词称为指示代词。指示代词有this, that, these, those, such, same等。
1、This, that, these those的用法：
This(these)常用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物， these是this的复数形式；that(those)常指在时间或空间上较远的事物，those是that的复数形式。
2、such和same的用法：
such常在句中作主语、定语和表语，表示“这样”。 same可用作主语、表语、宾语和定语，意为“同样的”，same前必须加定冠词the。
I have never seen such a good place.我从未见过这么好的地方。
I never heard such stories as he told.我从未听过他讲的那样的故事。
We are in the same factory. 我们在同一家工厂。
I’ll do the same as you.我将与你做同样的事情。
（五）疑问代词的基本用法：
疑问代词是指 5个“wh”,：who（谁）, whose（谁的）, whom（谁）,what（什么）, which哪个）
1、who在句中通常用作主语和表语，whom作宾语。在口语中，常用who代替whom，但是若前面有介词，还是用whom.
Who is the girl in red? 那个穿红衣服的女孩是谁？
Whom are you waiting for? 你们在等谁？
With whom did they play basketball? 他们和谁一起打篮球？
2、which常表示在一定范围之内的选择，what则没有这种限制，如：
Which do you prefer, orange juice or coke? 橘汁和可乐，你喜欢哪个？
Which of them come from Canada? 他们中谁来自加拿大？
What do you like to do in your spare time? 你在业余时间都做什么？
四、冠词考察点分项说明：
在英语中，有一类词是汉语中没有的，那就是冠词。冠词常位于名词之前，用来修饰名词并帮助说明名词的含义。冠词是一种虚词，不能单独使用，必须与名词连用，置于名词之前。冠词分为不定冠词（a, an）与冠词（the）两种。
而定冠词用于特定的单数或复数名词之前，表示特定的人或事物，相当于“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”。
（一）、不定冠词
不定冠词主用于单数可数名词前，表示“一个”或“一类。”
1、a用于以辅音“音素”开头的单数可数名词前。
2、在月份、星期及morning, afternoon, evening, night, day等名词前有修饰词时，一律用a。
Smith arrived in Beijing on a rainy day. 史密斯在一个下雨天到达了北京。
He died in a cold February. 他死于寒冷的二月。
3、不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前。
如：an apple, an hour, an honest boy, an English car.
注意： a useful dictionary
（二）定冠词
定冠词用于特定的单数或复数名词之前，表示特定的人或事物，相当于“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”。
定冠词的常见用法有：
1、用来指独一无二的物体：
The sun rose at six o'clock. 太阳在六点升起。
2、用于再次提及的名词前。
There is a cow under the tree. The cow is yellow.树下有一头牛，牛是黄色的。
3、用来指说话者双方心目中都知道的特定的人或事物。
This is the book you wanted. 这就是你要的那本书。
4、用于单数可数名词前，泛指一类。
The horse is an animal.马是动物。
5、用于序数词前、表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。
如：the first, the best , in the south等
6、在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。
如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
布朗一家人今年夏天将要去上海渡假。
五、巩固练习
（一）选择填空
1. Does Mr. Brown like Chinese .
A. food B. foods C. any food D. some food
2. There a dictionary and two notebooks on the desk.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
3. The old man has two .
A. son-in-law B. sons-in-law
C. son-in-laws D. sons-in-laws
4. We should keep clean.
A. toothes B. tooths C. our tooths D. our teeth
5. Lucy has been to many times this year.
A. his uncle B. his uncles C. uncle’s D. her uncle’s
6. didn’t visit the farm.
A. One of the boy B. One of the boys
C. One of boy D. One of boys
7. No news good news.
A. is B. seems C. are D. has
8. This is table.
A. his teacher’s Mary’s B. his teacher, Mary’s
C. his teacher’s Mary D. his teacher, Mary
9. After climbing 2 hours, we had rest.
A. a few minute’s B. few minutes
C. a few minutes’ D. few minutes
10. These are my ______ .
A. box B. a box C. boxes D. the boxes
（二）、用适当的代词填空
1. My father did not want of the two shirts and asked to be shown .
2. is Tom like? Oh, he’s short and fat.
3. Her parents are workers.
Her classmates are from peasants’ families.
4. Mother told the boys,“Please help to some fruit.”
5. All these are fine books. You can read of them.
6. They are learning from .
7. Lucy dances better than girl in the school.
Jim jumps higher than boys in his class.
8. He lent me a few books, but of them is easy enough for me.
He lent me a few books, and of them are easy enough for me.
二、用适当的冠词填空（不填处用“×”表示）
⒈ by train.
⒉ Huanghe River
⒊ for while
⒋ go out for walk
⒌ at foot of
⒍ half hour
⒎ Mr. Smith came here just now
⒏ There is old man in the village. Old man is seventy.
⒐ earth turns round sun.
⒑ We often have lunch at home.
⒒ I wish you happy life.
⒓ harder you study, better you get the marks.
⒔ man with book in his hand is our new class teacher.
⒕ It was raining again! What day!
⒖ Who is going to take place of Mr. Smith next term ?
六、巩固练习参考答案
（一）选择填空
1 A 2A 3 B 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. C
（二）、用适当的代词填空
1. either, another
2. what
3. both; all
4. yourselves
5. any
6. each other
7. any other; any of the other
8. none, all
（三）、用适当的冠词填空（不填处用“×”表示）
1. ×
2. the
3. a
4. a
5. the
6. an
7. A
8. an, The
9. The, the
10. ×
11. a
12. The, the
13. The, a
14. a
15. the
中考复习系列三 数词、形容词和副词
一、中考对数词和形容词知识要求：
中考对数词的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握1-100的基数词和序数词的构成及其主要用法；
2、掌握年、月、日、时的基本表达方式及其与之相应的介词搭配；
3、掌握日常交际活动中涉及到的数字的表达方法；
4、了解数词的某些特殊用法。
中考对形容词和副词的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握比较级和最高级的一般构成规则；
2、掌握比较级和最高级的不规则变化形式；
3、掌握比较级和最高级的基本句型及其用法；
4、掌握形容词做表语和定语的用法；
5、掌握常用副词在句中的位置，并了解其意义。
二、数词考察点分项说明：
数词分为基数词和序数词两类，表示数量多少的数词是基数词，如one（一），two（二），seven（七）等，表示顺序次第的数词叫序数词，如the first（第一），the second（第二），the seventh（第七）。
在对数词进行复习的时候，同学们首先要会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的时间表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题。
（一）、序数词一般由基数词加-th构成，100以内的基本的序数词如下：
（二）、序数词的构成及用法：
1、以下几个序数词较为特殊：
first（第一） second（第二） third（第三） fifth（第五）
eighth（第八） ninth（第九） twelfth（第十二）
2、以-ty结尾的基数词变为序数词的构成方法是：先将十位整数的基数词尾的-ty变成-ti，然后再加-eth.
如：twenty twentieth （第二十）
eighty eightieth （第八十）
3、基数词“几十几”变成序数词时，仅将个位数变成序数词，十位不变。
如：thirty-two thirty-second （第三十二）
seventy-five seventy-fifth （第七十五）
4、序数词的缩写形式，在阿拉伯数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母构成。
如：fifth 5th second 2nd
5、序数词前通常要用定冠词the。
6、hundred, thousand, million, billion等词在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式，前面不能加具体的数字。
如：three hundred seats 三百个座位
hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的 thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的
millions of 数百万的 billions of数十亿的
（三）与数词有关的时间表达法：
1、钟点表示法：
① 顺读法
如：1:15 one fifteen 3:30 three thirty
② 倒读法(用past / to表示)
如： 1:15 a quarter past one
3:30 half past three
7:56 four to eight
③表示钟点只用基数词，并且钟点前用介词at。
2、日期表示法：
① 英语中日期的排列顺序是：星期、月、日、年
如： 2003年3月17日，星期一
Monday, March the 17th, 2003.
② 在具体某一天前用介词on
3、世纪、年代表示法
（在）90年代 (in) the nineties
（在）19世纪 (in) the nineteenth century
（在）18世纪30年代 (in) 1730s或1730’s
（四）、基数词常和一些计量类名词“单数”用“一”连在一起，构成复合形容词，修饰名词。
如： a twelve-year-old boy 一个十二岁的男孩 a five-mile race 一次五英里的赛跑
三、形容词和副词考察点分项说明：
形容词用于修饰名词和代词，表示人和事物的性质和特征。副词既可修饰动词，又可修饰形容词，其它副词，甚至整个句子。
（一）形容词和副词级的变化：
大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：
原级：
比较级： 比较...，更...一些
最高级： 最...
1、一般构成规律：
词的特征 变 化 例 词
原 级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词 直接加-er, -est strong
high stronger
higher strongest
highest
以e结尾的词 加-r, -st wide
nice wider
nicer widest
nicest
以单个辅音字母（非r）结尾的单音节词 双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-er, -est fat
thin fatter
thinner fattest
thinnest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词 变y为i，再加-er,-est heavy
happy heavier
happier heaviest
happiest
少数以-er, -ow结尾的双音节词 直接加-er; -est clever
narrow cleverer
narrower cleverest
narrowest
多数双音节词
多音节词和
源于分词的形容词 在原级前加more, most stupid
difficult
tired more stupid
more difficult
more tired most stupid
most difficult
most tired
2、常见的不规则变化：
原 级 比较级 最高级
good well better best
bad badly ill worse worst
many much more most
little less least
far farther
further farthest
furthest
old older
elder oldest
eldest
3、常见的比较级和最高级的基本句型及其用法：
原级的用法：
①肯定句型：
as + 形容词（副词）原级 + as … 意思是 “与……一样”
The boy is as clever as his brother. 这个男孩和他的哥哥一样聪明。
Lucy writes as carefully as Lily. 露茜写得和莉莉一样认真。
②否定句型：
not so/as + 形容词（副词）原级 +as… 意思是“不如……“
Monkeys are not as strong as elephants. 猴子不如大象强壮。
He is not so good a man as you. 他没有你好。
比较级的用法：
1、比较级+than
Peter is wiser than Sam.彼得比山姆聪明。
The car is more beautiful than that one. 这来辆车比那一辆漂亮。
2、形容词比较级前可用much, even, still, any, far, four times, a little等修饰。
Peter is much wiser than Sam.彼得比山姆聪明的多。
The room is a little brighter than that one. 这间房子比那间稍微亮一点。
3、比较级+and+比较级 意思是“越来越…...”
It rains harder and harder.雨下得越来越大。
4、The+比较级，the+比较级 意思是“越…...就越…...”
The harder you study, the faster you make progress. 你学习越努力，进步就越快。
5、比较级+than any other+单数名词. 意思是“比其它的任何一个……都更……”（这种情况其实是用比较级的形式表达最高级的意思。）
He is more stupid than any other student in his class. 在他班里他比其它任何学生都更愚蠢。
She is taller than any other girl in the team. 她比队里的其余任何一个女孩都要高。
最高级的用法：
1、有范围修饰的用最高级，如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的句子中。
This is the most expensive of all the watches.在所有这些表中这块最贵。
2、序数词+最高级+名词 表示“第几个最……的”
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国的第二大河流。
The park is the third largest one in Beijing. 这个公园是北京第三大公园。
3、one of the+最高级+复数名词 表示“是最……之一”
America is one of the richest countries in the world.美国是世界上最富有的国家之一。
One of the most beautiful places in Beijing is the Summer Palace.
北京最美丽的地方之一是颐和园。
4、形容词最高级前一定要用the，而副词最高级前可省略。
The elephant is the heaviest in the zoo.大象是这个动物园里最重的动物。
She came (the) earliest of all the students.所有学生中她来得最早。
（二）、常用副词在句中的位置：
1、时间副词、地点副词和方式副词一般置于句末。
They met in China last year. 他们去年在中国见面了。
It’s raining hard outside. 外面雨下得很大。
The students are reading English loudly. 学生们在大声朗读英语。
2、强调时间时，时间副词可置于句首。
Last year they met in China.
3、时间副词和地点副词前一定不要加介词。
She is on her way home. 她正在回家的路上。
4、频度副词在句中的位置有两种：
（1）实义动词之前：
I usually play football on Friday afternoon.我通常周五下午踢足球。
I seldom watch TV.我很少看电视。
（2）be动词、情态动词和第一助动词之后
Mr. Green is always busy.格林先生一直很忙。
I have never seen him before.以前我从未见过他。
四、巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. of the apples in the fruit bowl are soft and sweet.
A. Two-third B. Second-third
C. Two-thirds D. Second-thirds
2. Where are they going to have the meeting? In .
A. 204 Room B. Room 204
C. the room 204 D. the Room 204
3. What is the time? It’s (4:25).
A. four twenty-five B. four past twenty-five
C. twenty-five to four D. four twenty five
4. Please give us .
A. two glasses of waters B. two glass of water
C. two glasses water D. two glasses of water
5. Light is faster than an ordinary plane.
A. two million time B. millions of time
C. three millions times D. millions of times
6. There are seasons in a year. The season is spring.
A. four, one B. fourth, first C. fourth, one D. four, first
7. She has a baby.
A. ten-months-old B. ten months-old
C. ten-months-olds D. ten-month-old
8. It took them to finish the work last year.
A. two and a half months B. two month and a half
C. a half and two months D. two months and half
9. What’s the date today? It’s .
A. July five B. July the five
C. July fifty D. July the fifth
10. There are in the room.
A. four box of oranges B. four boxes of orange
C. four box oranges D. four boxes of oranges
11. I don’t feel very today.
A. good B. better C. nice D. well
12. He didn’t go there with me, she didn’t .
A. too B. either C. neither D. also
13. Our hall is theirs.
A. twice as large as B. twice so large as
C. as twice large as D. twice more than
14. John did in the exam, Tom did even .
A. bad, worse B. more bad, more worse
C. badly, worst D. badly, worse
15. Your mother won’t be angry with you, will she? I hope .
A. so B. it C. not D. no
16. The villagers had rain this year than last year.
A. less B. least C. little D. lesser
17. She is than Mary.
A. older two years B. old two years
C. two years old D. two years older
18. He says that he will pay a price for the house.
A. tall B. taller C. high D. highest
19. They have held three meetings this week .
A. alone B. lonely C. ever D. just
20. How do you go to the South Lake?
A. often B. long C. soon D. fast
21. This is really a news.
A. surpring B. surprised C. be surprised D. surprise
22. Don’t make noise. Please keep .
A. quite B. quietly C. quiet D. more quietly
23. He bought from a shop.
A. an old black wood round table B. a round old black wood table
C. an old round black wood table D. a round black wood old table
24. aren’t so happy as .
A. The rich/poor B. Rich/the poor
C. Rich/poor D. The rich/the poor
25. Can you finish the work with money and people?
A. less…less B. little…few
C. fewer…fewer D. less…fewer
26. Do you have money to buy the colour TV set?
A. a little B. few C. enough D. many
27. I like green but Li Lei prefers blue.
A. shallow, deep B. think, thick
C. light, dark D. white, black
28. See you . See you.
A. late B. later C. latest D. last
29. He spoke fast that we could understand him.
A. too, not hardly B. so, not hardly
C. too, hardly D. so, hardly
30. I didn’t go , I went .
A. anywhere, upstairs B. nowhere, to upstairs
C. to somewhere, upstairs D. to anywhere, upstairs
二、改错（下列各句中有一处有误，请找出错误处，将其序号填入题前括号内并改正。）
( ) 1. He doesn’t feel like anything. Please give him delicious something to eat.
A B C D
( ) 2. I found a quite big mouse in the kitchen the day before yesterday.
A B C D
( ) 3. He plans to stay here for another more week.
A B C D
( ) 4. Paris is the most beautiful than any other city in the world.
A B C D
( ) 5. Is it more difficult to learn Chinese than learning Japanese?
A B C D
( ) 6. Her older brother is two years older than she.
A B C D
( ) 7. The population of Henan is larger than Hunan.
A B C D
( ) 8. Tom got here earlier about ten minutes them his brother.
A B C D
( ) 9. I’m taller of the two boys.
A B C D
( ) 10. Are your trousers so new as hers?
A B C D
五、巩固练习答案
一、单项选择
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. D
6. D 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. D
11. D 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. C
16. A 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. A
21. A 22. C 23. C 24. D 25. D
26. C 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. A
二、改错
1. C，改为something delicious
2. B，改为quite a或者a very
3. D，改为one more week或者another week
4. A，改为more
5. D，改为to learn
6. A，改为Her elder brother
7. D，改为than that of Hunan
8. B，改为about ten minutes earlier
9. B，改为the taller
10. C，改为as
中考复习系列四 动词（上）
一、中考对动词的知识要求：
中考对动词的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握动词的现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词四种形式的构成规则；
2、掌握动词六种时态的基本结构，主要用法及区别（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时和现在完成时）
3、掌握系动词be, look, feel, smell, get, become, turn, keep等的基本用法；
4、了解过去将来时、过去完成时态的基本用法；
5、掌握助动词be, do, have, shall, will的基本用法；
6、掌握情态动词can, must, need, may等基本句型结构及主要用法；
7、了解一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时三种时态的被动语态的结构形式及其基本用法；
8、了解含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式及其基本用法；
9、掌握句子主谓一致的基本原则；
10、掌握动词不定式作宾语、状语的基本用法；
11、了解动词不定式作主语、定语、表语的基本用法。
二、动词考察点分项说明：
（一）、掌握动词的现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词四种形式的构成规则；
1、动词现在时的第三人称单数的构成：
动 词 特 征 变 化 例 词
一般动词 词尾加-s look- looks find- finds
以s, x, ch, sh或o结尾 词尾加-es watch- watches, push- pushes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾 变y为i再加-es fly- flies, apply- applies
2、动词的过去式及过去分词的构成：
① 规则动词的变化：
规则动词的过去式和过去分词的构成方法是相同的。
动 词 特 征 变 化 例 词
一般动词 词尾加-ed look- looked, looked
以e结尾 词尾加-d live- lived, lived
以“辅音字母+Y”结尾 变y为i，再加-ed carry-carried, carried
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写该辅音字母，再加-ed stop- stopped, stopped
② 不规则动词的变化。（略）
3、动词的现在分词的构成：
动 词 特 征 变 化 例 词
一般动词 直接加-ing look-looking watch- watching
以e结尾 去e加-ing come- coming move- moving
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 先双写该辅音字母，再加-ing swim- swimming
run- running
以ie结尾且为重读开音节 变ie加y再加ing die-dying lie-lying
（二）、掌握动词六种时态的基本结构，主要用法及区别（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时和现在完成时）
1、一般现在时
① 一般现在时常用来表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作，与always, usually, often, sometimes, every day (week, month)等连用；表示现在的事实或状态；表示主语所具有的特征，性格和能力；以及表示客观事实或普遍其理。
②一般现在时的构成：
一般现在时通常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，动词原形后需加-s或-es。
She likes biology very much. 她非常喜欢生物。
They often go to school by bike.他们通常骑车上学。
2、一般过去时
①一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去时间的副词如：yesterday, last week, two hours ago等连用；表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作，这时可与频度副词often, usually, always等连用；表示过去发生的一连串动作，以及在时间和条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。
②一般过去时的构成：一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。
We met each other on the street yesterday. 我们昨天在街上碰见了。
She often went swimming last year. 她去年经常去游泳。
They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have supper.
他们把椅子搬到桌边，坐下开始吃饭。
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。
3、一般将来时
① 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语如next month, tomorrow, in a week, soon等连用。
②一般将来时的构成：
（1） 一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。其中shall主要用于主语是第一人称（I和we）的疑问句中。
（2） 也可以用“be going to+动词原形”这个结构来表示根据目前迹象很有可能发生的某件事情，或是打算、计划、以及决定要做某件事情等。
They will have a class meeting next Tuesday. 他们下周二将举行班会。
We shall meet at the school gate. 我们将在学校大门口见。
It is going to rain. 要下雨了。
4、现在进行时
① 现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，常与now, at present, at this, moment等连用；或与these days, this week/month等连用，表示现阶段正在进行的动作。有时还与always, continually, forever等词连用，表示反复出现的动作，代替一般现在时，表达说话人强烈的感情。如赞扬、不满、讨厌等。如：
He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提这类愚蠢的问题。
② 现在进行时的构成：
现在进行时由“be (am/is/are)+V-ing”构成。
They are watching TV now. 他们正在看电视。
The dog is enjoying his meal. 小狗正在吃饭。
5、过去进行时
① 过去进行时的用法与现在进行时用法相同，只不过参照的时间基准点不同。
过去进行表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。一般和特定的时间状语或状语从句连用。如：then, at that time, at eight yesterday, this time yesterday, when he came in等。
② 过去进行时的构成与现在进行时类似，只不过把be (am, is, are)变为过去式（was, were）
They were watching TV at that time. 他们那会正在看电视。
The dog was enjoying his meal at this time yesterday. 小狗昨天这个时候正在吃饭。
6、现在完成时
① 表示动作已经完成，但后果或影响仍在，常与already, just, yet等副词连用；或是表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在，常与for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。
② 现在完成时由助动词“have/has+过去分词”构成。
He has already come back.他已经回来了。
He has lived here for three years.他在此住了两年了。
（三）、掌握系动词be, look, feel, smell, get, become, turn, keep等的基本用法；
常见的连系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, keep, feel, look, seem, smell, fall等。它们后面常接形容词，构成系表结构。
Please keep the classroom clean. 请保持教室的干净。
The bread looks very fresh. 这些面包看上去很新鲜。
（四）、了解过去将来时、过去完成时态的基本用法；
① 过去将来时表示从过去某一时点看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时和一般将来时的构成相同，只是把will, shall变为过去式would, should，把助动词be的过去式变为过去式was或were而已。如：
They were going to have a meeting.他们曾打算开会。
②过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的行为或存在的状态。与现在完成的用法相同，只不过作为衡量基准点的时间点不同，现在完成时以现在作为衡量的基准点，而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。它表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，常by, before引导的时间状语连用。如：
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
到爱迪生10岁时，他已给自己建了一个实验室。
She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她说她已在那所医院工作20年了。
（五）、掌握助动词be, do, have, shall, will的基本用法；
助动词是“辅助性”动词，一般没有词义，不能单独作谓语，但可用来帮助构成谓语，表示不同的时态，语态，和数的变化。
常见的助动词有：
（1）be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) 与现在分词结合，构成各种进行时态；或与过去分词结合构成被动语态。
I’m looking for my pen. 我正在找我的笔。（现在进行时）
These cups are made in China. 这些杯子是中国制造的。（被动语态）
（2）have (has, had, having)与过去分词结合，构成完成时。
They have known each other for twenty years.
他们互相认识有二十年了。（现在完成时）
He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.
他十岁时就已经为自己建了一个化学实验室。（过去完成时）
（3）do (does, did) 助动词do后只能跟动词原形，与not及其他动词结合构成否定句，或置于主语之前构成疑问句。
He does not speak English.他不说英语。
When did he come back? 他什么时候回来的？
（4）will (would), shall (should) will能用于一般将来时的任何人称后；would是will的过去时，能用于过去将来时；两者后面都接动词原形。
The plane will arrive in ten minutes. 飞机十分中后将要到达。
I was sure we would win.我确信用我们会赢。
shall与should这两个助动词本身没有词义，shall只能用于一般将来时的第一人称后；should是shall的过去时，只能用于过去将来时的第一人称后；两者后面都接动词原形。
We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow. 我们明天将在校门口见。
I told them that I should do the work alone. 我告诉他们我将独自做那项工作。
三、巩固练习
1. His father any washing in the morning.
A. doesn’t do B. doesn’t C. doesn’t does D. doesn’t does
2. I 1000 English words by the end of last term.
A. have learned B. had learned C. would learn D. was learning
3. How long you the bicycle?
A. have…bought B. have…had
C. did…buy D. do…buy
4. my brother knows London very well. He there many times.
A. has been B. has gone C. was D. went
5. The children want to know if Miss Green free tomorrow.
A. is B. is going to C. will D. will be
6. Listen, the music nice.
A. sounds B. is sounding C. is sound D. was sounding
7. He early every morning from now on.
A. gets up B. does get up C. does gets up D. will get up
8. Our teacher told us that light faster than sound.
A. travelled B. travels C. was travelled D. had travelled
9. Mr. Brown is not at home. He to the library.
A. has gone B. has been C. had been D. had gone
10. He said he would go to the cinema with us if he free.
A. is B. were C. was D. will be
11. Tom _____ his homework after breakfast.
A. don’t B. doesn’t C. don’t do D. doesn’t do
12. Jenny _____a letter to her mother three days ago.
A. wrote B. writes C. write D. has written
13. He ______ with us yesterday morning.
A. doesn’t go swimming B. goes swimming
C. didn’t go swimming D. went to swimming
14. There ______a basketball match on our school the day after tomorrow.
A. will have B. will be C. is going to have D. would have
15. ______ you ______ us a talk this afternoon?
A. Are, giving B. Are, given C. Will, give D. Were, going to give
16. Look! Li Lei _____ Jim with his Chinese.
A. is helping B. has helped C. is going to help D. would help
17. Don’t make any noise. The baby ______ .
A. has slept B. is slept C. will sleep D. is sleeping
18. The students of Class 3 _____a football game now. Let’s go and watch.
A. are having B. will have C. is having D. will be had
19. How many English songs ____ you _____ by the end of last term?
A. have, learned B. did, learn C. had, learned D. were, learned
20. My mother _____ breakfast while I ______ my face this morning.
A. cooked, was cooking B. was cooking, was washing
C. was cooking D. would cook, was washing
二、用下列动词的适当形式填空
1. He told me that he (visit) the Summer Palace the next day.
2. -Who has borrowed the dictionary? I want to use it.
-Miss Li. She (keep) it for a week.
3. The old men (die) last summer. He (die) for eight months.
4. Father (cook) when I got home.
5. Mr. Smith told us he (show) the guests around the factory.
6. In winter when your clothes (wash), it is not easy to get them dry.
7. - the twins (return) yet?
-Yes. They (have) a rest in the room now.
8. It (rain) but it (stop) now.
9. All the children (keep) quiet though their teacher was not there.
10. The boy (read) a story book now.
四、巩固练习参考答案
（一）单项选择
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. D
6. A 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C
11. D 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. C
16. A 17.D 18. A 19. C 20. B
（二）、用下列动词的适当形式填空
1. would visit
2. has kept
3. died, has been dead
4. was cooking
5. would show或者had shown
6. are washed
7. Have…returned; are having
8. rained…has stopped
9. kept
10. is reading
复习 五 动词（下）
（六）掌握情态动词can, must, need, may等基本句型结构及主要用法
① 情态动词在英文中是“辅助性”动词，用来表示说话人的语气或情态，包括请求、命令、允诺、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，不能单独用作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，且后面只跟动词原形。
② 情态动词的种类：
原 形 过去式 词 义
can could 能
may might 可以（或许）
must must(had to) 必须（不得不）
will would 愿意
shall should 应该
need needed 需要
dare dared 敢于
③ can的用法
（1）表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”，也能表示根据客观条件能做某事的“能力”。
The boy can swim very well.
Who can answer this question?
（2）表示允许
The students can leave after the meeting.
When can I get the news?
（3）表示推测
It can be wrong.
Who can your new teacher next term?
④could的用法
（1）can的过去式，表示过去有能力及过去的可能性。
They could run very fast when they were young.
Could you speak English at that time?
（2）表示客气地请求或委婉地陈述意见。
Could I borrow your bike?
Could you listen to me carefully?
（3）表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度
How could that be?
She couldn’t know me.
⑤ must的用法
（1）．表示义务，命令或必要
You must finish it before 5 o’clock.
Must I hand it in now?
（2）．表示肯定的推测：一定
She must be a pretty girl.
You must be wrong.
⑥ need的用法
(1) 表示“需要，必须”，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。
We need to pay more attention.
Need I call him for you?
（2）need引导的疑问句，肯定回答时多用must，否定回答时用needn’t。
Need he come? 他必须来吗？
Yes, he must.是的，必须来。
No, he needn’t.不，他不必来。
⑦ may的用法
（1）表示请求、许可、可以
May I ask you some questions?
May we start now?
（2）表示推测说话人的猜测，认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。
He may be 25 years old.
We may come back in three days.
（3）may用于感叹句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。
May you success!
May you have a nice trip！
⑧ should的用法
should意思是“应该”，表示劝告或建议（=ought to）
Who should I meet this afternoon?
You should pack you bag quickly.
（七）了解一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时三种时态的被动语态的结构形式及其基本用法
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词（p.p.）”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化亦如此。
1．一般现在时的被动语态（am/ is/ are +done）
English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。
Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
2．一般过去时的被动语态(was/ were +done)
The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。
He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。
My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
3．一般将来时的被动语态(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
I think thousands of people will be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
（八）了解含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式及其基本用法
情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词; 其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，“be+过去分词”部分不变。如：
Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。
Tables could be made of stone at that time.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）
Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）
（九）掌握句子主谓一致的基本原则（此处略。见第七期）
（十）动词不定式的基本用法
动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语和状语（包括目的状语，结果状语和原因状语。）
1）作主语
To dance with you makes me happy.和你跳舞令我高兴。
It is difficult to drive in the mountains. (=To drive in the mountains is difficult.)
在山里开车很困难。
2）作宾语
① 后接不定式作宾语的及物动词多是表示“意愿”、“企图”等的动词，如：
hope, want, wish, desire, like, decide, try，promise, refuse.
I want to talk with her.我想和她谈谈。
She has decided to go.她已决定要走。
② 在feel, find, think, consider, made等动词后如果是不定式作宾语，而补语是形容词，则通常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语即不定式移至形容词之后。如：
I find it impossible to forget her.我发现忘掉她是不可能的。
He thought it necessary to take an umbrella.他认为带把伞是必要的。
3）作表语
Her wish is to be a teacher.他的愿望是成为一名教师。
Your duty is to clean the classroom.你的任务是打扫教室。
4）作宾语补足语
He wants me to come earlier.他想要我来得更早些。
The policeman ordered them to turn around.警察命令他们转过身。
5）作目的状语：
She opened the window to let some fresh air in.她打开窗子好让新鲜空气进来。
I went there to see her yesterday.昨天我去那儿看她了。
6）作结果状语：
He is too tired to go any further.他太累了，不能再走了。
He is not old enough to join the army.他年龄太小，不能参军。
7）作原因状语：
不定式跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的形容词之后，可以表示引起这些情感的原因。
I’m sorry to trouble you.真抱歉给你带来麻烦。
I’m glad to see you.见到你真高兴。
二、巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. He had his lunch already.
A. will B. would C. has D. have
2. Mary speak English before she left for England.
A. can B. was able to C. could D. had been able to
3. I your help. I can do it myself.
A. needn’t B. don’t need to C. need D. don’t need
4. some more tea now?
A. Do you like B. Will you like
C. Would you like D. Should you like
5. - you the book to the library?
-Yes, I borrowed another one a moment ago.
A. Do, return B. Are, returning
C. Will, return D. Have, returned
6. Don’t go to see him. He changed his mind
A. is B. was C. will D. has
7. -How many times your uncle been to Beijing?
-Twice.
A. has B. have C. does D. did
8. My boy, you talk to your father like that.
A. won’t B. hasn’t to C. shouldn’t D. has to
9. give me a cup of water, Mary?
A. Shall you please B. Will you please
C. Please you D. Please do you
10. I work out the maths problem yesterday, but I can work it out now.
A. can’t B. couldn’t C. may not D. needn’t
11. Since you are very tired, you do it today.
A. needn’t B. don’t need C. needn’t to D. not need
12. Li Li get up at 7:30.
A. used to B. used C. was used to D. uses to
13. You answer this question.
A. haven’t to B. don’t have to C. don’t need D. needn’t to
14. It was a cold night. An old man under a chair in the park.
A. is lying B. was lying C. has lying D. will lie
15. You go with us at once.
A. need B. should C. would D. could
16. -_____I watch TV after dinner, Mum?
-No, you .
A. May; mustn’t B. May; don’t
C. May; won’t D. Must; mustn’t
17. Oh, sorry. I you in Shanghai.
A. don’t know…are B. didn’t know…were
C. don’t know…were D. haven’t known…are
18. The PRC in 1949.
A. was found B. found C. was founded D. founded
19. -Is Xiao Li in the classroom?
-No, he there. I saw him in the reading room just now.
A. can’t be B. mustn’t be C. is D. needn’t
20. -Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow?
- .
A. Yes, we shall B. Yes, you shall
C. Yes, you will D. All right
21. Nobody _____ do it. Let me _____ .
A. can, try B. can’t, to try C. can, to try D. can’t, trying
22. “ _____ you like ______ bananas to eat?” “ Yes, please.”
A. Would, some B. Will, any C. Could, any D. Can, some
23. “ Can you answer this question in English?” “ Sorry, I _____.”
A. needn’t B. may not C. can’t D. mustn’t
24. “ _____ I borrow your dictionary?” “ Certainly, here you are.”
A. Must B. May C. Need D. Shall
25. I _____ see the words on the blackboard. _____ you write a bit clearly?
A. mustn’t, Can B. don’t, will C. can’t, Can D. needn’t, Could
26. It’s a sunny day today. You ______ take a raincoat with you.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. can
27. I’ve looked for my pen everywhere, but I ______ find it.
A. couldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. didn’t
28. “ ____ I speak to Ann?” “ Speaking.”
A. Must B. May C. Need D. Shall
29. The science book ______ good care of.
A. must be take B. must take C. must be taken D. must to be taken
30. The stars _____ in the daytime.
A. can’t be see B. can’t see C. can’t be saw D. can’t be seen
二、用方框内的情态动词填空（每词只用一次）
need, needn’t, can, can’t, shall, shouldn’t
may, must, mustn’t, have to, would
1. I show him the way, I?
2. Can you answer this question in French? No, I .
3. May I keep the book for three weeks? No, you .
4. Nobody live without air or water.
5. You not worry. Everything will be all right.
6. - I have some chocolates now?
-No, you mustn’t.
7. Children be left alone.
8. I finish my homework before I go to bed.
9. we go out for a walk? That’s a good idea.
10. you like some fish?
三、把下列句子改为被动语态
1. I saw the boy run yesterday.
2. He told me that he would come back soon.
3. You can find a lot of differences between the two languages.
4. Do you water your flowers every day?
5. The wind blew down the big tree last night.
6. I think that he is right.
7. He had not thrown the bad food.
8. Mother was not mending the trousers.
9. They would not take him to Beijing.
10. Nobody knew me in this town at that time.
四、用不定式完成下列各句
1. （把英语学好）isn’t easy.
2. This is the room .（住）
3. He made the children .（哭）
The baby is often heard .（哭）
4. Can you tell me .（如何去那所学校）
5. There are quite marry books .（读）
6. Don’t stop （休息）before you finish doing your homework.
7. Mother wants me .（将来成为一位教师）
8. We have planned （去打篮球）tomorrow.
9. The students was made .（再打扫一遍教室）
10. It’s important （友善）and helpful.
三、巩固练习参考答案
一、单项选择
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. D
6. D 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. A 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. B
16. A 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. D
21. A 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. C
26. C 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. D
二、用方框内的情态动词填空
1. needn’t, must
2. can’t
3. mustn’t
4. can
5. need
6. May
7. shouldn’t
8. have to
9. shall
10. would
三、把下列句子改为被动语态
1. The boy was seen to run by me yesterday.
2. I was told that he would come back soon.
3. A lot of differences can be found by you between the two languages.
4. Are your flowers watered every day?
5. The big tree was blown down last night.
6. It is thought that he is right.
7. The bad food had not been thrown.
8. The trousers were not being mended by my mother.
9. He would not be taken to Beijing.
10. I was known by nobody in this town at that time.
四、用不定式完成下列各句
1. To learn English well
2. to live in
3. cry; to cry
4. how to get to that school
5. to read
6. to have a rest
7. to become a teacher in the future
8. to play basketball
9. to clean the classroom again
10. to be kind
中考复习系列六 介词和连词
一、中考对介词和连词的知识要求：
中考对介词的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握常用介词及其词组的主要用法和意义；
2、掌握常用动词、形容词与介词、副词的固定搭配及其意义。
中考对连词的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握并列连词and, but, or, so等的主要用法；
2、掌握常用的从属连词的基本用法 ( when, after, because, as soon as…)
二、介词考察点分项说明：
介词在英文中是一种虚词。介词不能单独使用，一般也无句子重音。常常放在名词或代词之前，与之一起构成介词短语，共同充当句子成分。很多介词从词义上往往看不出是介词。如：against的意思是“反对”，在汉语里是动词，在英语里却是介词。
（一）表示时间的介词：
1．at, in ，on
(1) at表示“在某一时刻、某一时点”
（2）in表示“在某月、季节、年、世纪”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。
in September in winter in 1999 in the 20th century
in the morning/afternoon/evening
(3)on表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。泛指上、下午、晚上、夜间时用in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night；但若指具体某一天的上述时段时，则一律用on。
on Monday on April 1st
On the afternoon of May 23.
2．from, since, for
(1) from表示“等时间的起点”。
You can come anytime from Monday to Friday. 周一至周五你什幺时间来都行。
The exam will start from 9:00am. 考试将从上午九点开始。
(2) since表示“自从……以来（直到现在）”
He has been away from home since 1973. 他自从1973年就离开了家乡。
We have known each other since ten years ago.我们十年前就认识了。
(3) for 与since表示一段时间，但for与时间段连用，而since与时间点连用。
for two hours since last week
3．after, in, within
(1) after表示“在……之后”，是before的反义词。
We’ll hold a party after dinner. 晚餐后我们将举办晚会。
He got a cancer and died after a year. 他患了癌症，一年后去世了
(2) within