1.dating back to/from 始于，起源于，追溯到；此短语多用于一般现在时态中
This castle dates from the 14th century.这座城堡建于14世纪。
Our partnership dates back to 1960.我们从1960年就合伙了。
2.bury vt. 埋葬
Many men were buried underground when there was an accident at the mine.
矿上发生意外事故时,许多矿工都被埋在地下。
专心致志于, 埋头于(in)
He buried himself in his work.
他埋头工作。
be buried in thought
沉思
3.with his face to the north 面向北方
with his face to the north属于“with+名词+介词短语”结构在句中常作状语，表示伴随动作或伴随性质。根据宾语和宾补之间的关系，还可以用现在分词或过去分词作宾补。
The weather was even colder with the wind blowing.
刮风了，天气更冷了。
He usually works in his study with the door locked.
他通常锁着门在书房工作。
4.test on试验，检验
Many people are against new drugs being tested on animals.
很多人都反对用动物做新药试验。
5.certain be sure和be certain后都可跟从句，但be sure的主语必须是人，而be certain的主语既可以是人又可以是物。
6.Some of the objects found in the grave give us an idea of how he was dressed when he was buried. 一些在墓穴中发现的物体让我们得知他被埋葬时的穿着。
该句为how引导的一个名词性从句作介词OF的宾语，介词后面跟一般均可接疑问词引起的从句。
1)He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.
2)Did she say anything about how the work was to be done?
7.amaze vt.使惊奇；使吃惊
Her knowledge amazes me.
她的学识令我吃惊。
Visitors were amazed at the achievements in the car manufacture of the city during the past decade.
参观者对这城市过去十年中汽车制造工业的成就感到惊奇。
I was amazed by the news of George's sudden death.
听到乔治突然去逝的消息,我感到惊愕。
n.惊愕
He stood in amaze at the sight.
他看到那种景象, 惊愕得呆呆地站在那里。
8.distinction n.特点；特色；非凡；卓越
the chief distinction of Chinese food
中国食品的主要特征
a writer of distinction
一位卓越的作家
academic distinctions
学术上的荣誉
There is no appreciable distinction between the twins.
在这对孪生子之间看不出有什么明显的差别。
His distinction of sound is excellent.
他辨别声音的能力很强。
His style lacks distinction.
他的文体缺乏个性。
9.dozen n.一打，12个
I want a dozen of pencils, please!
劳驾，我要一打铅笔。（缩写为： doz)
dozens of
许多
There were dozens of people there.
那里有许多人。
10.Next to them lay a cushion stone, upon which the man could work metal
当表示地点的介词词组在句首时，主谓倒装
1）.At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.
2）.The soldiers ran to the building, on the top of which flew a flag.
3）.East of the lake lie two towns.
4）.Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier.
11.spare adj.备用的
a spare tire
备用轮胎
多余的，剩余的
spare cash
余款
If you have a spare bed, may I stay tonight?
如果你有空床的话，今晚我可以留下吗？
Have you any spare time to help me?
你有空帮助我吗？
You can sit here in your spare time and read the carpet!
空闲时你就坐在这里读地毯吧!
v.节约, 节省, 不伤害, 宽恕, 分让, 提供给某人
Can you spare ten minutes?
你能抽出十分钟吗?
I have no time to spare.
我没有余暇。
spare no efforts [pains]
不遗余力
12.a variety of种种；各类
The shopping-centre sells a variety of goods.
这个购物中心出售许多种商品。
At school we learn a variety of things.
在学校我们学习各种东西。
He didn't come for a variety of reasons.
他因种种原因没来。
She made the children glad in a variety of ways.
她用各种方法使孩子们高兴。
13.tend vt.（常与to连用）有某种倾向；有…的趋势
People under stress tend to express their full range of potential.
处于压力下的人容易发挥自己全部的潜力。
Laziness tends to poverty.
懒易致穷
Boys tend to be bigger than girls.
男孩的个子往往比女孩高大。
14.class n.阶级
class differences
阶级区分
Class differences can divide a nation.
阶级差异会造成国家的分裂。
lower-class life
低层阶级的生活
to travel third class
乘三等车（或舱）旅行
15.approximately adv.近似地, 大约
16.average n.平均数
The average of 4, 8, and 60 is 24.
4、8和60的平均数是24。
平均；平均水平
What is the average rainfall for August in your country?
你们国家八月份的平均降雨量是多少?
His results is the average.
他的成绩平平。
on (an) average通常；按平均
Wwe fail one student per year on average.
我们平均每年有一个学生不及格。
17.convey vt.运送；运输
The truck conveyed machinery across the country.
这辆卡车在全国各地运送机器。
Wires convey electricity.
金属线导电。
通知；通报；传［表， 转］达
I will convey the information to him.
我将把这消息通知他。
I can't convey my feelings in words.
我的情感难以言表。
The ambassador personally conveyed the president's message to the premier.
大使亲自向总理转达了总统的问候。
18.It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he may have had a hand in planning the monument; or in helping transport and pull up the stones.
很可能巨石王与这些石头有关，他可能参与策划建立这个纪念碑，或者帮助运输和竖起巨石。
19.link vt., vi.（常与together, to, with连用）连接, 联合
The two towns are linked by a railway.
这两个城镇由一条铁路连接起来。
The new bridge will link the island to the mainland.
新的桥梁将把该岛与大陆连接在一起。
20.have a hand in参与，插手，对某事物负部分责任
I can’t promise much. I’m not the only one that has a hand in things in this town.
我不能答应太多，镇里的事不是我一个人说了算。
21.may后加不定式(不带to)的完成式，表示对过去的推测，认为某事可能已发生。
He may have gone to the library.他可能去图书馆了。
22.In terms of technical development, people were going from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age.
就技术发展而言，人们正从石器时代过度到青铜器时代。
23.In terms of用……的话，以……的观点，就……而说
He thought of everything in terms of money.
他每件事都从钱的角度考虑。
In terms of money we’re quite rich, but not in terms of happiness.
从钱的角度说我们相当富有，但就幸福而言则不然。
24.Bronze Age青铜时代。在距今5000年前后，在旧大陆的有些地区，首先是西亚地区，发明了铜的冶炼技术，开始制作铜器。最初为红铜，接着又在红铜中加锡或铅，成为青铜。这样人类进入青铜时代。
25.conflict n.
战争；战斗；冲突
conflict of interest
利益冲突
争论；抵触；论战
conflict between religion and science
宗教与科学之间的冲突
vi.冲突；争执；抵触
The two stories conflicted, so I did not know what to believe.
两个故事相冲突，我不知道相信哪一个。
26.artifact n.人工品, 赝品
27.It has been proven that the copper knives came from places as distant as Spain and western France.
现已证明铜刀来自西班牙和法国西部。
it为形式主语，真正主语为that从句，构成句型：“it+被动语态谓语动词+that从句”
这种结构常用来表示一种不指明是谁的议论或想法等：
it should be noted that their economy is still on downward slide.
值得注意的是，他们的经济仍在走下坡路。
It was thought highly likely that there would be an extraordinary session soon.
人们认为，最近很可能召开一次非常会议。