第三单元 感受英语幽默
Part 1 Text Explanation 单元内容详解
Reading
NONVERBAL HUMOUR
Do you find it funny to see someone sliding on a banana skin, bumping into someone else round a corner, or falling down a hole in the road①? If you do②, you are not alone. Some humour can be cruel but some people seem to enjoy seeing other people’s bad luck at times③. Perhaps it makes us feel more content with ④our life because we feel there is someone else worse off ⑤than ourselves.
However, some actors can astonish⑥ us with the deep feelings they can inspire in us for a character they are playing. Charlie Chaplin was just such ⑦an actor. He was born in poverty⑧ in 1889 and at that time films were silent. He became famous for using a particular⑨ form of acting, including⑩ mime and farce. His entertaining⑾ silent movies are still popular today. His charming character The Little Tramp is well known throughout the world⑿. He played a poor and homeless⒀ person, who wore large trousers, worn-out⒁ shoes and a small round black hat and carried a walking stick⒂. This character was a social failure⒃ but he was loved by all who watched the films for his determination⒄ in overcoming difficulties ⒅and being kind even when people were unkind to him.
So how did he make a sad situation entertaining? Imagine⒆ you are hungry and all there is to eat is a boiled shoe⒇. How would you make eating a boiled shoe funny? That was the problem facing(21) Charlie Chaplin in one of his most famous films The Gold Rush. He solved it by using nonverbal humour and this(22)is how it was done.
The film is set in (23)California in the middle of the nineteenth century when gold was discovered and thousands of people rushed there in search of(24) it. In the film. Chaplin and his friend are in California, too. Their job is “panning for gold”(25). They wash sand from the river in a pan of water, and expect to pick up (26)gold, but they have been not fortunate enough(27) to find any. Instead they are caught on(28) the edge of a mountain in a snowstorm in a small wooden house, where they have nothing to eat. They are so hungry that (29) they have to boil a pair of leather shoes in a pan and eat it. Chaplin sits down at the table(30) with his plate and drinking cup. First he picks out the laces and eats them as if they were(31)spaghetti. Then he cuts off(32) the leather top of the shoe, treating it as if it were the finest meat(33). Finally he tries cutting and eating(34) the bottom of the shoe. You can imagine how difficult it is to chew, but he seems to eat every mouthful(35) with great enjoyment. He makes it seem as if it were one of the best meals he has ever had! How hungry would you have to be to eat a shoe?
Chaplin produced, directed(36), and wrote the movies he starred (37)in. In 1972 he was given a special Oscar for his lifetime outstanding work. He lived the last years of his life (38) in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.
Comprehension
3.He was in such a hurry that he bumping into an old lady.
A knocked into(39) B came across (40) C waved goodbye D looked up at
4.The problem Charlie Chaplin was having to deal with(41) would not go away(42).
A practicing B preferring to talk to C trying to understand D facing
①a. see sb. doing意为“看到某人正在做”。现在分词在结构中作宾语补足语表示主动或正在进行。如果宾语与后面的宾语补足语存在逻辑上的主谓关系,且宾补所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,宾补就用现在分词。常见的用现在分词作宾补的结构有：get / leave / keep / set / catch / have sb. doing; see / find / watch / feel / hear / listen to / discover sb. doing 如:
He kept me waiting the whole morning.
他让我等了整整一上午。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。
It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.
你让机器一直开着是不对的。
Don’t have the water running all the time.
不要让水流个不停。
The clerk caught the girl stealing in the supermarket.
那个店员在超市当场抓住了那个女孩偷东西。
b. 过去分词作补语:如果补语与宾语具有逻辑上的动宾关系,宾补的动作具有"完成"概念,或宾补表示已经存在的状态,就用过去分词作宾补表示被动或完成。常见的用过去分词作宾补的结构有:keep / leave / have / get sth. done; find / see / discover / observe / notice / hear sth. done; make oneself done如:
I have never heard the song sung in English.
我从来没有听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
I heard the English song sung many times.
我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
客人们没有动大部分菜，因为它们尝起来味道不咋样。
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
汤姆打球时把胳膊弄断了。
I’ll have my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要修车。
c. 不定式作宾补时有两类:
a) 带to的不定式作宾补。很多动词如allow, order, force, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise, persuade, warn等后面作宾补的不定式都带to。 如:
He didn't allow us to smoke in his house.
他不允许我们在他的家里吸烟。
He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.
他走了，留下我一个人去做剩余的所有工作。
We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.
我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。
The general ordered his men to withdraw in three hours.
将军命令士兵三小时后撤退。
b) 不带to的不定式作宾补。使役动词make, have, let等后面作宾补的不定式不带to，表示让某人主动做某事;感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面作宾补的不定式不带to，表示看到或听到事情发生的全过程。但在被动语态中，动词不定式的符号to要还原。如:
He always makes his sister cry, but today he was made to cry by his sister.
他经常把他的妹妹弄哭，今天他却被妹妹弄哭了。
He made a face and made everybody laugh.
他做了一个鬼脸,逗得大家都笑了。
I heard her sing a English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
妈妈让我去小店里买点盐。
②a. do在上下文中代替句中的主要动词，避免重复。动词的替代词通常是实意动词。如果被替代的动词是及物的，则替代词后面须跟宾语。动词替代词可与情态动词连用，在否定句和疑问句中有时还须引进助动词do的适当形式。如：
I finished my job before they did.
我在他们之前完成了工作。
In the earliest times, people couldn’t count as we do now.
在远古时候，人们不象我们现在这样计数。
---- Do you like Beijing?
---- Yes, I do.
--你喜欢北京吗？
--是的，喜欢。
Mary studies modern history and she doesn’t do modern language.
马丽学习现代历史但不学现代语言。
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车，对吧？
You should tell us the truth, if you don’t , you will be punished.
你要说实话，要不然你将会受到惩罚。
b. do与so搭配的复合动词do so，既可以替代动宾结构，也可以替代动状结构。如：
He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so.
他说他要告诉我消息，但他没有这样做。
He smokes a lot. Does his brother do so?
他抽烟很厉害，他哥哥也这样吗？
…Jane is crying for some more cakes in the kichen.
…Yes, but her little brother isn’t doing so.
－简在厨房里哭着还要蛋糕。
－是的，可她的小弟弟可没有这样。
c. 代动词do还可以与so搭配，构成两个意义不同的常用句型：“So+do＋主语”和“So +主语＋do”，这两个句型常用于简短反应。
a) “So+do＋主语”表示上面的情况同样适用于另一个对象。在这一结构中，主语与上文的主语不同。如：
…I like playing football.
…So do I.
－我喜欢踢足球。
－我也是。
…He went to Changzhou last week.
…So did I.
－他上星期到常州去了。
－我也去了。
注〕如果上文表示否定意义，在简短反应中则用“Neither/Nor+do+主语”。此时do 是助动词。如：
…He doesn’t speak Russian.
…Neither/Nor do I.
－他不说俄语。
－我也不说俄语。
b) “So +主语＋do”表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定，这时，主语与上文的主语相同。如：
…The students work hard.
…So they do.
－学生学习很努力。
－确实是的。
…He does well in English.
…So he does.
－他英语学的很好。
－是的，确实如此。
③a. at times意为“时常，有时”，相当于sometimes。如：
At times I go out to the beach.
有时我去海边。
He writes to me at times.
他时常写信给我。
At times I go by car.
有时我坐车过去。
b. 关于time的常用词组有：
in no time 立刻；马上
at no time 决不；在什么时候也不（当at no time位于句首时，该句须用倒装语序）
at the same time 同时
at one’s time of life 在某人的年纪
at a time 一次；同时
at one time 从前；曾有一时（常与过去式连用）
( at ) any time 随时（at可省略）
any time 哪里，哪里；随时效劳（是用来回答别人道谢的话）
at all times 经常；老是（= always ）
behind time 晚点，迟到
from time to time 有时；时常
out of time 过时
for the time being 暂时
in time of 在……的时候
in one’s own time 在某人的业余时间
give sb a rough time （使某人）受折磨
time and time again 一次又一次
once upon a time 从前
many a time 许多次
have a good time 玩的开心
kill time 消磨时间
take one’s time 不着急
ahead of time 提前
some time 一段时间；一些时候
sometime 将来某个时候
sometimes 偶尔；有时
some times 若干次
c. time除了能作名词，表示“时间、时刻、次数、倍数”外，还能作及物动词使用，表示“安排好时间、为（比赛或选手）计时”。如：
He timed his journey so that he could arrive at the hotel before dark .
他安排好了他的旅程，以便能在天黑以前到达旅馆。
You have timed your holiday cleverly-the weather is at its best.
你真会选度假时间---正是天气最好的时间。
His remark was badly timed.
他说的话不合时宜。
Kick-off is timed for 2:30.
足球开赛时间定于下午二时半。
This egg is hard-you didn’t time it properly.
鸡蛋煮老了---你没掌握好火候。
Time how long it takes me to do two lengths of the pool.
给我记一下我游一个来回的时间。
d. time的常用句型有：
a). It’s time for sth . 或 It’s time ( for sb . ) to do sth . 意为“该是……的时候了”。如：
It’s time for dinner .
该是吃晚餐的时候了。
It’s time for children to go to bed .
是小孩睡觉的时候了。
It is time to go to school.
该上学了。
b). It’s ( high/about ) time ( that ) sb . did/should do sth . 意为“该是……的时候了”。该句型中的that 从句需要用虚拟语气，谓语动词常用过去式,也可用should+动词原形（此处should不可省略）。如：
It’s high time that we should start.
我们该出发了。
It’s time that we devoted ourselves to our country .
该是我们报效祖国的时候啦。
It’s time that I should go to fetch my daughter.
我该去接我的女儿了。
It’s about time that stopped fooling around and started looking for a job。
你可别再游手好闲了，早该找份工作了吧。
c). This is the time when sb . should do sth . 或The time has come when sb . should do sth . 这两个句型也用来表示“该是……的时候了”，when 引导的定语从句用陈述语气或“should + 动词原形”的形式。如：
This is the time when you should get up .
是你该起床的时候了。
The time has come when we should part from each other.
该是我们必须道别的时候了。
The time has come when you should tell me all the truth.
该是你向我说出全部实情的时候了。
d). every ( each , any , next , first , last ) time 作连词使用，引导时间状语从句。如：
Every ( Each ) time I saw him , I found him to be taller .
我每次遇见他，都觉得他又长高了。
The last ( first ) time I went to China , I visited Shanghai .
我上（第一）次到中国时，游览了上海。
Next time you see him, tell him the truth.
下次见到他时，告诉他实情。
Any time you need help, please tell me.
无论何时你需要帮助，尽管告诉我。
e). by the time 引导时间状语从句时，意为“到……时为止”，主句一定要用完成时态。如：
By the time he was twelve , Edison had built a chemistry lab for himself 。
爱迪生十二岁时，就建立了自己的化学实验室。
By the time you saw me, I had had five hamburgers.
你看到我的时候我已经吃了五个汉堡了。
By the time he went to school, he had leaned more than 3000 words by heart.
到他上学的时候，他已经记住3000多个单词了。
f). This is the first ( second , last ) time ( that ) sb . has done sth . 意为：是某人第几次……。在该句型中，this 可以由that 或it 替换；从句中的谓语动词必须用完成式，且要与主句谓语动词be 的时态保持一致。如：
This is the third time I have been to Beijing .
这是我第三次去北京了。
That wasn’t the first time Linda had taken too many pills .
那不是琳达第一次服用这么多的药丸了。
It will be the fifth time that he will have been invited to such a meeting .
这将是他第五次应邀参加这种会议。
g). 三倍以上倍数的表达方式常用以下几种句型：
A is times + as + 形容词或副词的原级 + as + B
A is times + 形容词或副词的比较级 + than + B .
A is times + the + 名词 + of + B . 如：
The sitting room is 3 times as large as the kitchen .
起居室的面积是厨房的三倍。
Your bag is three times larger than mine .
你的包比我的大三倍。
Your cake is twice the size of mine .
你的蛋糕比我的大一倍。
My school is one third the size of yours.
我们学校只有你们学习的三分之一大。
④a. be content with/to do 意为“知足；满足，满意；愉快”。content此处为形容词，常作表语。如：
Are you content with your present salary?
你对现在的薪水满意吗？
Now that she has apologized, I am content.
既然她已经道歉了，我也就满意了。
He is content to stay in his present job.
他对现在的工作心满意足。
He is content to remain where he is now.
他安于现状。
He was content that the thing had happened.
这事终于发生了对此他是满意的。
I am very content with my life at present.
我对目前的生活心满意的。
She seems content to sit in front of the television all night.
看来她愿意在电视机前坐个通宵。
b. content作及物动词意为“使满意；使满足，使不复有所求”常用于词组content oneself with，意为“满足或满意于某事物（虽然可能有更高的要求）”。如：
Simple praise is enough to content him.
他只要听到实事求是的表扬就心满意足了。
As there is no cream, we’ll have to content ourselves with black coffee.
既然没有奶油，我们只好喝清咖啡算了。
As the TV’s broken, you’ll have to content yourself with listening to the radio.
既然电视机坏了你就只好收听无线电算了。
c. content作名词， 表示“所容纳的东西，所含之物，内容（指书内全部章节）；目录”时应用其复数形式contents。如：
Look up the contents at the beginning of the book.
查一下卷首的目录。
The drawer had been emptied of its contents.
抽屉已经腾空了。
She hadn’t read the letter and so was unaware of its contents.
她没有看那封信，所以不知道信的内容。
At the front of the book is a table of contents, giving details of what is in the book.
书的前部有目录，详列了书中的内容。
d. content表示“实质内容，要旨；意义；容量；容积；含量，成分”时，常用单数形式。如：
In my opinion, the movie lacks content.
依我看这部电影缺乏实质性内容。
Her life only had content when she was with him.
她只有与他在一起时生活才有意义。
Oranges have a high vitamin C content.
橙子的维生素C含量很高。
Food with a high fat content is not good for our health.
脂肪含量高的事物对我们的身体健康没有好处。
e. content 作不可数名词意为“满足，满意”。如：
He takes content in nothing.
他这人从不满足。
Can’t you see the quiet content of the well-fed child?
难道你看不到孩子喂饱后不哭不闹的满足状吗？
⑤a. be worse off意为“比以前更穷，更不愉快、更不健康等”。其反义词组为be better off意为“较好的；较明智的”。如：
The increase in taxes means that we’ll be ￡30 a month worse off.
加税以后我们每月收入就要少了30英镑。
I’ve only broken my arm; other patients are far worse off than me.
我只是胳膊折了，其他病人比我严重的多。
He’d be better off going to the police about it.
他最好把这件事报告警方。
b. worse still相当于what’s worse, 意为“更糟的是”，作插入语，修饰全句。如：
Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby in its month.
更糟的是，狮子会吃掉婴儿。
In the earthquake, many houses were destroyed. Worse still, lots of people lost their lives.
地震中很多房子被毁，更糟的是，一些人失去了生命。
It was dark that night. Worse still, it was snowing hard.
那天晚上天很黑，更糟的是，还下起了大雪。
We were very tired at that time, and what's worse, it was raining heavily.
那时我们已经精疲力竭了，更糟的是，天还下着大雨。
c. to make matters/things worse意为“使情况更危险或更困难”。如：
To make matters worse, he refused to apologize.
更糟的是他拒不道歉。
He was very rude to the Customs officer, which of course made things even worse.
他对海关官员十分无礼，使得情况更糟了。
My car broke down on my way home. To make things worse, it began to rain heavily.
我的车在回家的路上坏了。更糟糕的是天有下起了大雨。
⑥ a. astonish是个及物动词，意为"使惊讶，吃惊，震惊"。如：
The news astonished everybody.
这个消息令所有的人感到惊讶。
It astonishes me that no one has thought of this before.
以前谁也没想到这一点，使我感到惊讶。
He was astonished to hear he had got the job.
他听到获得了那份工作而感到惊讶。
It will astonish you to hear what I paid for this ring.
听到我花多少钱买这枚戒指会使你大吃一惊。
b. astonished是形容词常作表语，意为“感到惊讶，吃惊”。be astonished to do sth./at sth./ that…解释为"……感到惊讶"，如：
We astonished to hear the loud sound.
我们被那巨大的声音吓了一跳。
I was astonished that he appeared at the party.
他出现在聚会上，令我感到惊讶。
Everybody was astonished at the news.
这个消息令所有的人感到惊讶。
He was astonished to see his father.
他很惊异的看见他父亲。
You look astonished at my appearance.
对于我的出现你似乎很惊讶。
c. astonishing为形容词，意为“使人惊讶的，惊人的”。如：
I find it quite astonishing that none of you liked the play.
我感到惊讶的是你们谁都不喜欢那个剧。
There were an astonishing number of applicants for the job.
申请这份工作的人数多的惊人。
It was such an astonishing performance for such a young musician.
对于如此年轻的音乐家来说，这是令人惊异的演出。
d. astonishment是astonish的名词形式。意为“惊讶，惊奇”。如：
Imagine my astonishment when Peter walked in!
你可以想象，当彼得进来的时候，我是多么的惊讶。
To my astonishment it had completely disappeared.
使我惊讶的是，它消失的无影无踪了。
He looked at me in astonishment.
他惊奇地看着我。
⑦a. such这里为形容词，意为“如此的，这样的”。修饰单数名词时，放于不定冠词a(an)之前，
若名词前有one，no，any，some, all, many等修饰时，such放在这些修饰词之后。如：
He's such a man.
他就是这么一个人。
One such table is enough.
这样的桌子，有一张就够了。
There is no such thing.
没有这么一回事。
b. such位于句首时, 句子须全部倒装，此句型中的such是 指示代词，多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后的真正的主语保持一致。如：
Such is my hope for the future.
我对未来的希望就是这样。
Such were the facts.
事实就是这样。
Such are the facts, no one can deny them.
这就是事实，谁也不能否认。
Such is Albert, a simple man.
阿尔伯特就是这样一个简单的人。
c. such sth. that…，such sth. as…句型意为“下述一类的；（象后面提及的）那样的，这样的，如此的”；还可意为“（重要性、价值等）达到那种程度的”。如从句不缺少句子成分，用that引导，表示“如此…以至于”；如从句中缺少句子成分，用as引导，表示“像…一样的“像……”。如：
Such a disaster as her car being stolen had never happened before.
有的祸事，象她汽车被盗之类，以前从未发生过。
Such advice as he was given proved almost worthless.
给他提的那类建议简直毫无价值。
The knot was fastened in such a way that it was impossible to undo.
这个结系地那么紧，根本解不开。
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.
他的胳臂很长，几乎能碰到天花板。
She is such a good teacher just as we expect.
正如我们所料，她是一位好老师。
d. 用于某些短语中，如：such as表示列举，有“例如、诸如”等意思，as such则是“作为一个…，本身；按照某词通用的或严格的词义”等意思，such and such意为“某某，这种那种的”等意思。如：
I like drinks such as tea and soda.
我喜欢诸如茶和汽水之类的饮料。
Wild flowers such orchids and primroses are becoming rare.
兰花和报春花之类的野花越来越少了。
Wealth as such doesn't matter much.
财富本身算不了什么。
I can’t call my book a best seller as such but it’s very popular.
我不敢说我的书是畅销书，但可以说很受欢迎。
Such and such results follow from such and such causes.
这样那样的原因就产生这样那样的结果。
e.so与such的用法区别由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。如：
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
He is so clever that he could work out such a difficult problem.
他很聪明，把那么难的问题都解出来了。
Jack ran so fast that he could catch up with the bus.
杰克跑得很快，居然赶上的公共汽车。
David is so good a player that he has fans all over the world.
大卫是个非常好的球员，全世界各地都有他的球迷。
There were so many people in the street that it was impossible for him to find the lost child.
街上的人太多了，他根本就不可能找到那个丢失的孩子。
She is such a nice girl that everyone loves her.
她是一个人见人爱的好姑娘。
He had made such great progress that he passed all his exams.
他取得了巨大的进步，每门考试都通过了。
⑧ a. in poverty意为“处于贫困之中”。介词in加名词多用于表静态状况，如安全、危险、健康、涉及人的情绪等。意为“在……状况中;在……情况下”。如：
in trouble 陷入困境;
in danger 处于危险中;
in order 有序，有条理;
in surprise 惊讶地;
in silence 默默地;
in high/low spirits 情绪高涨/低落等等。
in peace 平静地
in a mess 乱七八糟
in rags （穿得）破破烂烂
in poor health 健康欠佳
in good repair 保存良好
in fun 开玩笑地
in a hurry 匆匆忙忙地
in ruins 呈废墟状态
in anger 愤怒地
in a rage 愤怒之中
如：
She went to school in a hurry.
她匆忙地上学去了。
The city was in ruins after the war.
战争过后，这个城市变成了一片废墟。
Are you in poor health? You don’t look well.
你身体不太好吗？你看起来不怎么好？
Even he is in poverty, he is always ready to help others.
即使他没钱的时候他也总是乐于助人。
b. on加名词用语表示动态，如正在从事某种活动或处于某种运动状态之中。如：
on business 出差;
on a visit 在访问;
on show 在上映;
on strike 在罢工;
on watch 在站岗/放哨;
on fire 在着火;
on vacation/holiday 在度假，等等。如：
Are there any live fish on sale in the market?
市场里还有活鱼卖吗？
The house is on fire.
房子着火了。
The president is on a visit to Paris.
总统去巴黎访问了。
⑨ a . particular为形容词，意为“非一般的，特别的，特殊的;个别的，个人的；难以满足的，挑剔的”。In particular是习语，意为“尤其，特别”。如：
She took particular care not to overcook the meat.
她特别小心不把肉烹调过火。
He is a particular friend of mine.
他是我的特殊朋友。
Is there any particular color you would prefer?
你有什么特别喜欢的颜色吗？
She is very particular about what she wears.
她对衣着很讲究。
She is a very particular person.
她这个人很挑剔。
The whole meal was good but the wine in particular was excellent.
整顿饭都很好，尤其是葡萄酒更好。
---Is there anything in particular you’d like for dinner?
---No, nothing in particular.
---正餐你有什么特别喜欢的菜吗？
---没有，什么都行。
b. particular作名词时常用复数形式，意为“信息，事项，细节”。如：
Her account is correct in every particular/all particulars.
她的帐目笔笔无误。
He gave full particulars of the stolen property.
他详细列出全部被盗的财物。
The policeman wrote down his particulars, ie his names, address, etc.
警察记下了他的个人资料。
c. especially/ particularly/ specially三词的区别。
particularly 为副词，意为“尤其；格外地”，通常以不寻常的方式突出某一事物的个性或独特之处。它可和especially通用，但更强调“与众不同”；especially 是副词意为“格外地、主要地、尤其”，用于强调某种特别感受,起突出强调的作用。指与其他同类相比，某人(物)情况达到异常的程度。常在介词或连词前常用；副词specially意为“为了某一特别的目的；专门”,多指为一特别目的而作。如：
This handbook is particularly useful for middle school students.
这种手册对中学生尤其有用。
I like all her novels, but her latest is particularly good.
她的小说我都喜欢，最新的一部尤其好。
Be particularly careful when driving at night.
晚上开车要特别小心。
The sight here is very beautiful, especially when there is fog.
这儿的景色很美，尤其是有雾的时候。
I came here specially to see you.
我特地来看你。
Our garden is beautiful, especially in fall.
我们的花园很漂亮，尤其在秋天。
This time I came back specially to see my family, especially my little daughter who was ill.
这次我专程回来看望我的家人，尤其是我生病的小女儿。
These shoes were specially made for you.
这鞋是专门为你做的。
I like all the subjects, especially English and math.
所有的科目我都喜欢，尤其是英语和数学。
I like the beauty of the countryside, especially when spring comes.
我喜欢郊野的自然美景，特别是当春天到来的时候。
This book is specially written for children.
这本书是特地为孩子们写的。
⑩a. including是现在分词作介词意为“包含；包括”，后接名词。included置于名词后，相当于including+名词。如：
Everyone here took part in the fight against the flood, including old people.
这里所有的人，包括老人，都参加了防洪斗争。
Everybody had something to say, me included/ including me.
所有的人，包括我在内，都有些话要说。
Many people like the book, including me (或 me included.)
许多人都喜欢这本书，包括我。
Tom took away all his things, including his books (或his books included.)
汤姆把他所有的东西都拿走了，包括他的书。
Many women were waiting to buy that kind of cloth, including my mother .
许多妇女都在等着买那种布，包括我妈妈。
I have to prepare food for seven people, including me.
我必须准备包括自己在内 7 个人的食物。
The band played many songs, including some of my favorites
乐队演奏了许多歌曲，包括几首我最喜爱的。
Sales up to and including last month amounted to ￡10,000.
销售额至上月底为止达10，000英镑。
b. include与contain的区别：
include 是动词，意为“包含（某人/某事物）；包括”；contain为动词，意为“包含，容纳” 。contain和 include 虽然都有"包含"的意思，但 contain 可用于表示包含所含之物的全部或部分，而 include 则只是包含一部分。可以这样说，include 着重"被包含者只是整体中的一部分"。contain 着重"内有"。如：
The Chinese nation includes more than 50 national minorities besides the Hans.
中华民族除了汉族外，还包括五十多个少数民族。
The parcel contained a dictionary.
那包裹里装的是一本字典。
The parcel included a dictionary.
那包裹里也包括了一本字典。
The tour includes a visit to Paris.
这次旅行包括游览巴黎。
The basket contains a variety of fruits.
这篮子装有各种水果。
The jar contains ten glasses of water.
这只大口瓶装了十杯水。
The price includes both house and furniture.
价钱包括房子和家具。
I include him among my friends.
我把他当作朋友。
c.分词可以作介词用的词有concerning关于; considering考虑到,就…而言; regarding关于; respecting关于; compared to/with与…相比; owing to “由于……因为……”; given考虑; judging from从…来判断;等等。如：
Considering his age, he is tall.
考虑到他的年纪，他算是高的了。
Considering he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
考虑到他只是刚刚开始，他对此的了解已经不少了。
She’s very active, considering her age.
就她的年龄来说，她是够活跃的。
I have nothing to say concerning his speech.
至于他的演讲，我无话可说。
I hear he is more than 70, but he is still very strong, considering his age.
听说他已经 70 多岁了，但从他的年纪来看，他仍然很结实。
Considering （ that ） he did not study hard, he did well on the test.
考虑到他没有用功，他考得还不错。
Compared with / to her mother, she is tall.
和她母亲比起来，她算很高了。
Owing to unfavorable weather, I was unable to carry on with it.
由于天气不好，我不能把它进行下去。
Judging from / by what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是个诚实的人。
Judging from / by his accent, he must be from Guangdong province.
从他的口音来判断，他一定来自广东。
Regarding this point, he is correct.
关于这一点，他是对的。
Respecting your salary, we shall come to a decision later.
关于你的工资，我们将在以后做出决定。
Concerning your letter, I am pleased to inform you that your plans are quite acceptable.
关于来信，我很高兴地通知你，我们觉得你的计划是可接受的。
Given that they are inexperienced, they have done a good job.
考虑到他们经验不足，他们的工作做得还不错。
Given his support, I think we'll win the election.
若能获得他的支持，我想我们会赢得这次选举。
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
如果身体好的话，我希望这年完成这项工作。
Give the opportunity, he might well have become an outstanding artist.
如果有机会，他可能早就成为一名优秀的艺术家。
Given their inexperience, they have done a good jib.
考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们干得还是不错的。
Given his age, he is rather healthy.
就他年龄来论，他是相当健康的。
Allowing for / Considering traffic delays, it will take you an hour to get there.
把路上的耽搁算进去，你要用一小时才能到那儿。
I will agree to go provided / providing that my expenses are paid.
假如为我负担费用，我就同意去。
We can all leave together ---assuming(that) / supposing (that )the others aren't late.
我们大家可以一起去─假定其他人不耽搁的话。
⑾a. entertaining是形容词，意为“使人愉快的，有趣的”。如：
He is the most entertaining guest.
他是最风趣的客人。
We saw a very entertaining film yesterday.
我们昨天看了一部很有趣的电影。
b. entertain是动词，意为“招待，款待某人；使某人快乐; 愿意考虑某事物”。如：
I don’t entertain very often.
我不常在家请客。
They do a lot of entertaining.
他们时常设宴待客。
They entertained us to dinner last night.
他们昨晚设宴招待我们。
Could you entertain the children for an hour, while I make supper.
我做晚饭时，你能哄孩子们玩一个小时吗？
He entertained us for hours with his stories and jokes.
他给我们讲故事、说笑话、让我们高兴了几个小时。
He refused to entertain our proposal.
他拒不考虑我们的提议。
c. entertainment为名词，意为“招待，款待，娱乐”。如：
He fell in the water, much to the entertainment of the children.
他掉进水里，逗的孩子们乐不可支。
The local entertainments are listed in the newspaper.
报纸上登有本地的娱乐活动。
He often goes to places of entertainment to kill time.
他经常去娱乐场所消磨时间。
⑿a. throughout是介词，意为“遍及，遍布；贯穿(场所，时间之中)，从头到尾”。比through更强调“完全”。throughout常等于all through。throughout the world意为“全世界”。如：
They went on working all through the night.
=They went on working throughout the night.
他们持续工作了一个通宵。
I remained silent throughout.
我自始至终都保持缄默。
The ring is gold throughout.
这戒指是纯金的。
The new epidemic spread throughout the country.
那种新传染病蔓延到了全国各地。
They searched for the lost child throughout the day.
他们整日寻找那失踪的孩子。
National Day was celebrated throughout the country.
全国都在庆祝国庆节。
This feeling persisted throughout the day.
这种感觉持续了一整天。
b. throughout还可作副词，意为“各方面，各处；在某事的整个期间”。如：
The house was printed green throughout.
那房子整个涂成绿色的了。
Certain names in the book were underlined throughout.
书中在某些名字下面都划了线。
I watched the film and cried throughout.
我看那个电影时从头哭到尾。
c. through作介词，意为“穿过，通过；或（指方法，手段等）以、用、凭借、通过；从开始到结束，在…期间等”。如：
The river runs through our village.
这条河流经我们的村庄。
Light comes in through the window.
光线从那扇窗子透近来。
We sold the car through advertising in the local paper.
我们卖那部车是通过在地方报上登广告。
Their success was achieved through hard work.
他们的成功是靠努力工作而取得的。
He worked all through the summer.
整个夏季他都在工作。
The exhibit will be open Tuesday through Saturday.
展览开放时间为周二到周六。
I was in college from 1977 through 1981.
我从1977年到1981年在大学求学。
d. through作副词意为“通过，穿过；彻底地，完全地；接通”。如：
I read the book through.
我把这本书看完了。
He was wet through.
他完全湿透了。
Can you put me through to Mr. Jones?
请给我接琼斯先生好吗？
The door opened and we went through.
门开了，我们穿门而过。
The gap in the fence wasn’t big enough to get through.
栅栏上的缺口不够大，钻不过去。
Those boards are rotten through and through.
那些木板已完全腐朽。
e. through还可作形容词，意为“直达的，直通的（相当于direct）；完成的，结束的”。如：
We took a through train to London.
我们乘直达火车到伦敦。
When you are through in the kitchen, let me know.
你在厨房忙完后就告诉我。
⒀a. homeless为形容词，意为“无家可归的”。-less为否定后缀。如：
countless 不可数的
wireless 无线的
ceaseless 不停止的
careless 粗心的
b. 否定前缀：在英语中，有一些表示否定意义的前缀，在表示否定意义的时候，它们的用法基本相同，可译成汉语“非”、“无”、“不（是）”、“未”等。但这些前缀的来源以及接在后面的词有一定的差别。此外，除了表示否定意义外，它们各自还可表示其他的意义。下面分别作简单介绍。
a) un-：来源于希腊语。可加在形容词现在分词和过去分词前构成形容词；加在副词前构成副词加在名词前构成名词。如：
unafraid 不怕的，无惧色的
unaware 不知道的，不注意的
unclean 不干净的，肮脏的
unhappy 不幸福的，不快乐的
uninteresting 无趣味的，乏味的
unknown 不知的；未知的；无名的
unmarried 未婚的
uncommonly 不普通地；不平凡地
unemployment 失业
unrest 不宁，不安；动乱，骚动
b) non-：来源于罗曼语。加在形容词动词和名词前构成形容词、名词。如： nondestructive 非破坏性的
nondollar 非美元的；非美无区的
noneffective 无效力的，不起作用的
nonstop 不停的，不断的
nonconductor 非导体，绝缘体
nonsmoker 非吸烟者
c) dis-：来源于罗曼语。加在形容词、动词和名词前。如：
disloyal 不忠诚的
dishonest 不老实的
disagree 不同意、不一致、不符
dislike 不喜欢，厌恶
displeasure 不愉快，不满、生气
d) in-：来源于拉丁语。加在形容词、现在分词、过去分词、名词前。如：
incorrect 不正确的，错误的
inconvenient 不方便的
inexpensive 花费不多的；人格公道的
invalid 无效的
injustice 非正义；不公正
instability 不稳定性；不坚决
e) il-：来源于拉丁语。用在以字母“Ｉ”开始的词前面， 后可接形容词现在分词、过去分词、名词。如：
illegal 不合法的、非法的
illiterate 文盲的；无知的
illogical 不合逻辑的，缺乏逻辑的
illiquid 非现金的；无流动资金的
illiteracy 文盲，无知
f) im-：来源于拉丁语。用在以字母“b”、“p”、“m”开始的词前面，后可接形容词、名词。如：
imbalance 不平衡，不均衡
immeasurable 无法计量的
immemorial 无法追忆的
impassable 不能通行的
imperfect 不完美的
impossible 不可能的
g) ir-：来源于拉丁语。用在以字母“r”开始的形容词前。如：
irregular 不规则的，不规律的
irrecoverable 能恢复的
irresponsible 不承担现任的，不需负责任的
irreplaceable 不能替代的；不能恢复原状的
c. 否定前缀表示“否定”以外的其他意义。
a) “un-”表示下列意义时来源于日耳曼语，可以在动词或名词前构成动词， 有四种意义,如：
（a)表示“做相反的动作”如：
unsay 收回，取消（前言）
unclose 打开
unseal 开启......的封印；拆（信）；使解除束缚
unarm 解除......的开装，缴......的械
unbuild 拆毁；摧毁
（b）表示“使丧失”，“夺去”，“废止”如：
unseat 剥夺....的席位；使失去资格；使退位
unsex 使失去性功能；使失去性别特征（尤指女性）
vunman 使失去男子汉气概；阉割；撤去（船只或舰队）的人员
（c）表示“由.....解脱”“由.....取出”，如：
unhand 把手从......移开；放掉
unbosom 吐露（心事），暴露（思想）
unearth 发掘；掘出
4)表示“彻底”，如：
unloose 松开；解放，释放
b) “non-”的两种新义：
(a)“不重要的”，“无价值的”含有“假冒”，“欺骗”等意思。如：
nonbook 毫无文学价值、滥竽充数的书
non-friend 假朋友
nonperson 被认为不存在的人：（ 由于政治或意识形态原因而）被排除在考虑之外的人（也可用unperson）
nonevent 被期望但未实现（或结果使人扫兴）的事
(b)“缺乏传统性的”。如：
non-hero=anti-hero 非传统式英雄，
nonnovel 不能按传统创作法写成的小说
c)“dis-”表示“分离”、“除去”、“剥夺”，如：
discharge 卸货；排出（气体等）
discolour (使)变色，（使）褪色
discourage 使泄气，使失去信心
dishearten 使失去勇气，使沮丧 ， 使失去信心
displace 移植，转移
d)“in”表示“在内”，“进”、“入”、“向”、“朝”。如：
inclose(=enclose) 围住；圈起；关闭住
income 收入，收益
vinflow 流入
inland 内地的，内陆的
inside 里面，内部
inlet 进口，人口
e)“im-”表示“向......内”、“向......上 ”“向......”。如：
imbed(=embed) 栽种（花等）：埋置：把......嵌入
inmigrate （从国外）移来；移居入境
immerge 浸入；专心，埋头
impark把 （动物）围在园内
immixture 混合；卷入
f)“ir”表示“进入”、“在内”。如：
irrigation 灌溉；水利
irruption 侵入，闯入
d. 在学习这些前缀时，必须注意以下点：
a)“un-”有时并不表示否定。如：
easy 容易的
uneasy 心神不安的：忧虑的：担心的
canny 聪明的，精明的
uncanny 神秘的；怪模样的
[注]“loose”、“loosen”和“unloose”、“unloosen”这四个词的意思完全一样，都指“松开”；“解开”；“解放”。
b) 一般来说，“un-”加在本族语词汇前，而“in ”加在外来语词汇前。但有时候“un-”加在形容词词前，而“in”则加在相对应的以拉丁语结尾的名词前。如：
unable （不能的，无能的，无能为力的）--inability.
unjust （非正义的，不公正的）一injustice.
unequal （不平等的）--inequality.
c) 以“-ed”结尾的词只跟“un-”，以“-ing”结尾的词也跟“un-”。如：
undigested 未消化的：未充分理解的--
indigestible 无法消化的
uncompleted 为完成的
incomplete 不完全的；未完成的
undetermined 为确定的--
indeterminate 不完善的，无法决定的
irredeemable 不能赎回的，不能偿还的
unceasing 不停的，不断的
incessant 不停的，不断的，连续的，频繁的
undiscriminating 不加区别的，无鉴赏的--
indiscriminate 不加区别的，无选择的。
d) “un-”和“non-”虽都是表示否定意义的前缀，但“un-”的否定语气要比“non-”强。另在表示二者互相比较时，“non-”通常和“un-”的意思相反。如：
a non-scientific-book 一本与科学不相关的书（可能是小说或传记）
an unscientific book 一本科学水平低的书。
e) 要特别注意接“dis-”和“un-”的一些词的词性与词义。如：
unable adj.不能的，不会的；无能力的；无能为力的
disable vt.使无能为力；使伤残
unlike a .不同的，不相似的/prep.不象，与......不同
dislike vt./n.不喜爱，厌恶
uncover vt.揭开......的盖子；移......覆盖物；使露出
discover vt.发现，看出
unclose vt.打开
disclose vt.揭开；揭发；透露，泄露
比较：
inclose vt.围住；圈起；关闭住
[注]unarm和disarm的意思一样，都表示“缴......的械”，“解除......的武装”。
⒁ a. worn-out是复合形容词在句中定语或表语。意为“使（某物）用的不能再用，用坏或耗尽；疲惫的”。wear (sth./sb. ) out 为动词词组，意为“穿坏；穿旧；用尽”。 如：
The little girl is playing with a worn-out toy.
那个小女孩在玩一个破旧的玩具。
Your suit is almost worn out.
你的西服已差不多穿旧了。
Cheap socks wear out quickly.
便宜袜子很快就会穿破。
I’m worn out by the hard work.
辛苦工作使我筋疲力尽。
This machine is worn out and will have to be replaced.
这台机器老掉牙了，得换新的了。
I wore out two pairs of boots on the walking tour.
我徒步旅行穿坏了两双靴子。
Her patience was at last worn out.
她终于忍无可忍了。
Just listening to his silly chatter wears me out.
我听着他无聊的话把我烦透了。
They were worn out after a long day spent working in the fields.
他们在地里干了一整天的活，累得疲惫不堪。
b. wear （sth./sb.）down 意为“（使某物）用薄，用坏或用旧；使（某人/物）衰弱”。如：
The tread on the tyres has been worn down to a dangerous level.
轮胎胎面花纹已经磨损得到了能发生危险的地步了。
She was worn down by overwork.
她因过度劳累而跨了下来。
The strategy was designed to wear down the enemy’s resistance.
这一策略旨在逐步削弱敌人的抵抗力。
c. wear (sth.) off意为“（使某物）逐渐消失或除去”。如：
The dishwasher has worn the glaze off the china.
这些瓷器经常用洗碗机清洗，光泽都消失了。
The novelty will soon wear off.
这种新奇的感觉很快就会消失。
The pain is slowly wearing off.
疼痛的感觉正在慢慢消退。
⒂ a. walking stick意为“拐杖”。-ing形式表示“供作……之用”（used for）的意思，这类作定语的-ing形式称之为动名词，动名词作定语表示名词的属性或事物的用途。如：
drinking water 饮用水
reading material 阅读材料
opening speech 开幕词
listening aid 助听器
a waiting room 候车/诊室
a swimming pool 游泳池
a sleeping car 卧铺车
teaching method 教学方法
freezing point 冰点
fighting post 战斗岗位
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.
阅览室里不准大声说话。
There is a swimming pool in our school.
我们学校有一个游泳池
b. –ing形式表示“……的”意思，称之为现在分词。现在分词作定语对被修饰词进行限定或描绘，相当于一个定语从句。单个的现在分词作定语则主要是表示被修饰词正在做什么。如：
a walking child 走路的孩子
working people 劳动人民
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
the falling leaf 正在飘落的树叶
sleeping child 熟睡的孩子
developing countries 发展中国家
running water 自来水
c. 单个分词作定语，分词一般说来写在被修饰的名词、代词之前；分词短语作定语时，分词放在被修饰词之后。现在分词作定语，主要说明"正在进行的动作"或是"一个在现在或过去某段时间内的经常化动作" 。另外，分词作定语还有"being + 过去分词"的形式。这种表达形式的意义是"分词动作正在进行；但分词动作与其所修饰的词之间是动宾关系" 。如：
The man sitting in the corner is my brother.
坐在角落里的那个人是我兄弟。
The girl standing by her mother looked very timid.
站在她妈妈旁边的那个女孩看上去很胆小。
The cloverleaf intersection being built is designed by a young man .
那座正在兴建的立交桥是一位年轻人设计的。
The topics being discussed everywhere recently is concerned about the Olympics 2000 .最近到处在议论的话题都与两千年奥运会有关。
Who is the comrade standing by the door?
站在门边的同志是谁？
They lived in a house facing south.
他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
[注] –ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌词一般讲当前的工作，大部分是他自己写的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。
d. 如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no +thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。如：
Is there anything unsolved?
还有没解决的问题吗？
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
自从我离开这个城镇以来，几乎没有什么变化。
There is nobody living in the old house.
老房子里没人住。
⒃ a. failure既是可数名词，又是不可数名词。要通过语境，分析语义。此文中意为“失败者、失败的事例”是可数名词。failure作“失败”解时为不可数名词。类似的抽象名词还有：success, pleasure, honour, favour, surprise, help, pity, joy, delight, interest, fit, shame, etc.如：
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
Success came after many failures.
宝剑锋自磨砺出。
He was a failure as a teacher.
他不是一个好老师。
She was upset by her failure in the exam.
她因考试不及格而感到沮丧。
The project was a complete failure.
这个计划彻底失败了。
b. fail是failure的动词形式，意为“失败，不及格”。作不及物动词时，常用搭配有fail in 表示“在某方面不成功，考试不及格”；fail to do表示“不能，没有”。fail作及物动词时意为“不能，忘记，没有让…通过考试;使失望,有负于等等。”如：
The student failed in the examination.
这个学生考试不及格。
I failed to understand it.
我无法理解它。
He never fails to write to his mother every week.
他每周都给母亲写信。
She has been failing in health.
她的健康越来越差。
He failed his driving-test.
他驾驶测试不合格。
The examiners failed half the candidates.
主考官评定半数应试者不及格。
Several banks failed during the depression.
有几家银行在不景气时期倒闭了。
⒄ a. determination是名词，意为“决心，决定；（对某事物的）确定，决心；（数量，质量等的）测定，计算。”如：
He is a leader with courage and determination.
他是一个果敢的领导。
His determination to marry her is now much stronger than ever.
他想和她结婚的决心现在比以前更加坚定。
She has the determination to overcome all the obstacles to success.
她有决心克服通往成功路上的一切障碍。
I appreciate her dogged determination to learn English.
我佩服她学英语的那种坚定不移的决心。
I’m not sure of the determination of the ship’s position.
我对船方位的测定不是很确定。
b. determine是动词，意为“决定，判断，测定；使决意；查明，确定。”如：
He determined that he would leave.
他决定离开。
His advice determined me to delay no more.
他的劝告使我决定不再拖延。
The policeman wanted to determine all the facts.
那个警察想要查清全部事实。
She determined to go that very afternoon.
她决定就在那天下午走。
We should determine the date in time.
我们要即使定好日子。
c. determine to do与be determined to do都意为“决心做。”但前者表动作，后者表状态。determine on (doing) sth.意为“决定（做）某事。”如：
we are determined to get the work done before Friday.
我们决心在周五前完成这项工作。
We have determined to get the work done before Friday.
我们已决定在周五前完成这项工作。
We determined on an early start.
我们决定早出发。
⒅ a. overcome为动词，其过去式及过去分词分别为overcame, overcome。意为“战胜，克服；（感情等）压倒，使受不了。”如：
He’s trying to overcome his fear of flying.
他极力克服对飞行的恐惧。
He overcome a strong temptation to run away.
他抵制了要逃跑的强烈诱惑。
We shall overcome.
我们一定胜利。
The old woman was overcome by gas fumes.]
那老妇人被煤气熏倒了。
He was overcome by anger.
他因为气恼而不能自持。
We’ll overcome that difficulty when we get to it.
那种困难到时候我们自有办法解决。
She was overcome with the emotion.
她激动得不能自持。
You must overcome your bad habits.
你必须克服你的坏习惯。
The fire was completely overcome by daybreak.
黎明时大火已被完全扑灭。
b. 动词词组come over (to…) (from…)意为“（通常为远处）来到另一地”；come over sb.意为“（某种）感觉刺激或影响某人”；come over (to sth.)意为“改变立场或意见等”。如：
Why don’t you come over to England for a holiday.
你怎么不到英国来度假呢？
I will come over and see you after work.
下班后我来看你.
Her grandparents came over to America from Ireland during the famine.
她的祖父母是在饥荒时期从爱尔兰来到美国的。
A fit of dizziness came over her.
她感到一阵头晕目眩。
I can’t think what came over me.
我不知道我是怎么了。
She will never come over to our side.
她决不会站到我们这边来。
⒆ a. imagine用作及物动词，意为“想像”“设想”。如：
Imagine that you are in London.
想像一下你正在伦敦吧。
It is difficult to imagine their sufferings.
他们的苦难是难以想像的。
Can you imagine life without electricity?
你能想像出没有电时的生活吗？
Imagine a house with a big garden.
设想有一所带大花园的房子。
She imagined walking into the office and telling everyone what she thought of them.
她想像自己走进办公室，对每个人说出她对他们的看法。
b. imagine作及物动词用，意为“料想”“设想”“想到”。如：
I can’t imagine living anywhere but England.
我很难设想到英国以外的地方去生活。
I couldn’t imagine his saying so.
我料想不到他会这样说。
I can’t imagine that anyone one cares what I do.
我想不也谁会关心我的所作所为。
c. imagine用作及物动词，意为“猜想”“认为”
I imagine she must be very tired after her journey
我想她旅行后一定很累。
I imagine that he’ll be there.
我想他会到那儿去。
I can’t imagine what you mean.
我猜不出你的意思。
I can’t imagine what she looks like.
我猜不出她是什么样子。
[注] imagine 用作及物动词时，其后的宾语可能是名词、代词、动名词、宾语从句或复合宾语，但不能直接接不定式作宾语。
d. imagine与guess, suppose的区别：
imagine主要指“想像”“幻想”，侧重指在脑海中形成一个清晰明确的印象，或认为
某事物可能发生或存在。Guess意为“猜测”“臆测”，是一个较通俗的词，侧重指未
知道前的猜测。而suppose意为“想像”“推测”，侧重指假设或假定中的情形。如：
I like to imagine myself flying a plane.
我喜欢想像自己驾驶飞机。
Can you guess what my weight is?
你能猜出我的体重吗？
You have guessed right.
你猜对了。
Let’s suppose that the news is right.
让我们假定这消息是真的。
Can you guess his age?
你能猜出有的年龄吗？
Let us suppose that we had not helped him, what would have happened?
假定我们当时没有去帮助他，会发生什么事呢？
⒇ 过去分词作定语
a. a boiled shoe意为“一只煮熟的鞋子”。此处boiled是过去分词作定语。过去分词作定语表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，已经完成并具有被动意义。有时也不表示时间性。作定语的过去分词一般由及物动词变来，因为只有及物动词才有被动意义。如：
Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
预定的座位在哪里？
The funds raised (= which have been raised) are mainly used for helping the homeless.
筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。
This book, written (= which is written) in simple English, is suitable for beginners.
本书是用浅显的英语写的，适合初学者。
This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)
这是一个紧迫的问题。
He is a teacher loved by his students.
他是个很受学生爱戴的老师。
They decided to change the material used.
他们决定更换使用的材料。
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
穿白色衣服的学生是我的女儿。
b. 单个过去分词前加一名词或副词，常用连字符将它们连接起来构成一个复合形容词，放其修饰的名词前，作前置定语。分词前加的名词表示分词的动作或行为主体，所加的副词表示方式、时间、程度、性质等意义。如：
This is a state-owned factory.
这是一家国营工厂。
This is our school-run factory.
这是我们的校办工厂。
The newly-built building is our office building.
这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。
c. 有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语，一般作前置定语，它不表示被动意义，只表示主动意义，强调动作完成。不能像及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面作定语。这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。常用的这一类词有：fallen, faded, returned, retired, risen, grown up, vanished等。如：
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有许多落叶。
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。
This is the wounded soldier.
这就是那个受伤的战士。
This is the soldier wounded in the battle.
这就是在战场上受伤的战士。
We needed much more qualified workers.
我们需要更多的合格的工人。
My friend is a returned student.
我的朋友是个归国的留学生。
(21) facing Charlie Chaplin in one of his most famous films此处是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰名词the problem，相当于一个定语从句的作用。即the problem which faced Charlie Chaplin in one of his most famous films。现在分词作定语表示“正在进行的动作”，现在分词可以单独作定语，也可以构成合成词作定语，但在更多的情况下是分词短语作定语，包括限定性和非限定性（用逗号与其他部分分开），在意义上相当于一个定语从句。现在分词作定语通常带有主动意义和未完成意义。如：
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
The man following was obviously in a hurry.
后面的人显然很匆忙。
They acted just like a conquering army.
他们就象是一支侵略军。
Do you know the man standing over there by the motorcar?
你认识那个站在摩托车旁边的人吗？
Last night, we caught a thief stealing John's bike.
昨晚有个小偷在偷约翰包的时候被我们当场抓住了。
（22）a. this此处为指示代词。代替上文的he solved it by using nonverbal humour。表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词。指示代词有: this这个; that那个; these这些; those那些; it那个，这个; Such如此的，如此的事物; same同样的，同样的事物。指示代词this，these，that，those在句中的用法相当于名词和形容词，可用作主语、表语、宾语和定语。如：
This is a plane.
这是一架飞机。(作主语)
Oh，it's not that.
噢，问题不在那儿。(作表语)
How do you like these?
你喜欢这些吗?(作宾语)
This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.这是一本关于中医的书。(作定语)
b. 指示代词this，these，that， those的其它用法。
a) This (these)常用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物，that(those)则常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物。如：
This is a sickle and that is an axe.
这是一把镰刀，那是一把斧子。
These days are cold.
这些天很冷。
In those days the poor people had a hard time.
在那些日子里，穷人生活很苦。
b) 有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this和these则指下面将要讲到的事物。如：
I had a bad cold. That's why I didn't come.
我伤风很厉害，所以我没有来。
Those two statements are not true.
那两种说法是不真实的。
What I want to say is this：Pronunciation is very important in learning English.
我所要说的是：语音在英语学习中非常重要。
Chairman Mao honored Liu Hulan with these words：“A great life A glorious death”.毛主席用下面的话表彰刘胡兰：“生的伟大，死的光荣。”
c) 有时为了避免重复提到过的名词，常可用that或those代替。如：
The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing.
沈阳的气候跟北京的一样好。(that代替climate)
The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.
这个县1987年的粮食产量比1980年增加一倍。(that代替grain output)
Television sets made in Nanjing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.
南京出产的电视机和上海的一样好。(those代替television sets)
d) This和that有时作状语用，表示“程度”，意谓“这么”和“那么”。如：
The book is about this thick.
那本书大约有这么厚。
I don't want that much.
我不要那么多。
e) 指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，如：
That is my teacher.
那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人）
He is going to marry this girl.
他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）
I bought this.
我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语)
f) That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，如：
He admired that which looked beautiful.
他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
He admired those who looked beautiful.
他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
He admired those who danced well.
他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人）
He admired those which looked beautiful.
他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）
c. it指人时亦用作指示代词。指示代词it在汉语中不必译出。 如：
Who is it?
―it's me.
是谁?
-是我。
Oh, it's you，Lao Wang.
哦，是你呀，老王。
d. such和same也是指示代词，其单、复数的形式相同。它们在句中可用作定语、主语、宾语、表语等成分。如：
The foreign Visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.外宾说他们从来没有看过这样美丽的城市。
We are not talking about the same thing.
我们谈的不是一回事。
Such were his words.
这就是他讲的话。(作主语)
The same can be said of the Other article.
另一篇文章也是同样情况。(作主语)
Take from the drawer such as you need.
你需要什么，就从抽屉里拿吧。(作宾语)
His name and mine are the same.
他和我同名。(作表语)
（23）a. set为动词，意为“设置（戏剧，小说等）的背景”。be set in 的意思为“以……为背景;（戏剧、影片）的背景是”。如：
The film was set in California in the middle of the nineteenth century.
这部影片是以十九世纪中叶加利福尼亚为背景的。
The novel is set in pre-war London.
这部小说以战前的伦敦为背景。
The novel is set in Shanghai in the 1930’s.
这部小说以二十世纪三十年代的上海为背景。
The play is set in the early days of World War Two.
这个剧是以第二次世界大战初期为背景的。
b. set about与set out都可表示“着手做某事”。但set about短语中因为about为介词，所以一般后接名词或动名词，不接不定式；set out后一般接不定式，不接动名词。set out/off还可表示“出发，动身”。其后一般接介词for表目的地。如：
I don’t know how to set about this job.
我不知道怎样着手这项工作。
I’ll set about preparing supper.
我去做晚饭。
She set about the business of cleaning the house.
她动手打扫起房子来。
We need to set about finding a solution.
我们得着手寻找一个解决办法。
That winter we set out to write a history of the Party.
那年冬天，我们着手写一部党史。
She set out to break the world record.
她一心努力要打破世界记录。
They succeeded in what they set out to do.
他们实现了既定的目标。
They set out on the last stage of their journey.
他们动身踏上最后一段行程。
Then he set out/off for Paris.
然后他动身去巴黎了。
c. set out还表示“安排，摆放，陈列”或“（有条理地）陈述、阐明”。如：
We’ll need to set out some chairs for the meeting.
我们需要为会议摆些桌子。
Her work is always very well set out.
她总是把工作安排得很有条理。
He set out his objections to the plan.
他陈述了他对这个计划的反对意见。
She set out the reasons for her resignation in a long letter.
她写了一封长信说明自己辞职的原因。
d. set的其他短语：
(24) a. in search of意为“搜寻，寻找”。此处的search为名词。in (one’s) search for 和 in search of都意为“寻找”、“寻求”，在句中既可作状语，也可作表语。注意两个短语介词的搭配，如果名词search前带有限定词a，the或one’s后面一般用介词for，如果search前不带限定词，后面一般用介词of。如：
The husband joined the wife in her search for the unknown element.
丈夫和他妻子一起寻找那种未知元素。
Some birds fly south in search of winter sun.
鸟儿飞向南方去寻找冬日的暖阳。
They started at once in search of the missing child.
他们马上开始寻找这个失踪的孩子。
Scientists are in search of a cure for the disease.
科学家们想研究出治疗这种疾病的方法。
We should go in search of a cheap hotel.
我们要去找个便宜的旅馆。
b. search做动词时意为“搜寻、搜查”。search的宾语一般是被搜查的人或某一场所，而不是所要寻找的东西。search for相当于look for。search for的宾语一般为要找的东西，而不是被搜查的人或场所。如：
We searched around for hours, but couldn’t find the book.
我们各处找了半天，却找不到那本书。
The policeman searched the woods for escaped prisoners.
警察搜查树林寻找逃犯。
The police searched her for drugs.
警察搜查她，看她身上是否有毒品。
I searched my memory, but couldn’t remember her name.
我想来想去也想不起她的名字。
I searched through the drawers for the missing papers.
我翻遍抽屉寻找遗失的文件。
The villagers are searching for the missing child.
村民们正在搜寻那个失踪的孩子。
Mary searched the dictionary for the use of a word.
玛丽在词典中寻找一个单词的用法。
They searched every room for the missing papers.
他们在每一个房间搜寻丢失的文件。
The policeman searched the thief to see what he had in his pockets.
那个警察对小偷搜身，看他口袋里有什么东西。
(25) a. panning for gold此处为动名词做表语，意为“淘金”。pan此处为动词, 意为“用淘盘淘”。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。如：
Our work is serving the people．
们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps．
他的爱好是集邮。
Seeing is believing.
眼见为实。
My hobby is growing flowers.
我的业余爱好是种花.
What I thought most was going to France.
我考虑得最多的是去法国.
My favorite sport is playing table tennis.
我喜爱的运动是打乒乓球.
b. 动词-ing 形式作表语通常表示主语所具有的特性, 称之为现在分词。现在分词相当于形容词。能够用于表语的现在分词常见的有：amusing 有趣的; astonishing 令人惊讶的; confusing 迷惑的; discouraging 令人丧气的; disappointing 令人扫兴的; couraging 令人鼓舞的; exciting 令人兴奋的; interesting 有趣的; missing 不见的; moving 动人的; promising 大有希望的; shocking 令人震惊的; puzzling 莫名其妙的; surprising 令人奇怪的。如:
The colour is pleasing to the eyes.
这种颜色悦目。
The film is frightening.
这部电影很吓人。
Traveling is interesting but tiring．
旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The argument is very convincing．
他的论点很令人信服。
c. 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”；过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式。凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...；若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴 interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的 excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的 delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的 encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的 puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的 satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的 surprised感到惊异的